How Does Popular Culture Stereotype Latinos - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2401 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Culture Essay Level High school Topics: Pop Culture Essay Did you like this example? Looking around us today, major stereotypes are continuously prevalent in society. Stereotypes are peoples fixed ideas or beliefs about the characteristics of a particular group. Thanks to American popular culture, stereotypes are more widespread than ever. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Does Popular Culture Stereotype Latinos" essay for you Create order Popular culture has a strong role in Americas communities and even peoples lifestyles alone. Specifically, one of the many ethnic groups that have fallen victim to popular culture stereotypes would be Latinos. Popular culture has had an everlasting effect on how Americans perceive Latinos, and even how Latinos perceive themselves. The overall general public places Latinos into stereotypes and paradigms because of what popular culture presents them with, in avenues such as film and television. It is clear to see that popular culture defines what is common or normal in American society. The bias and stereotypes of Latinos is ubiquitous throughout American popular culture, and it has effected how people perceive them to be. Within the different avenues of American popular culture, Latino stereotypes are commonly seen in films and television. The stereotypes have not only affected how people view them, but it has also created different types of Latinos that are deemed to exist. The different stereotypes of Latinos in film and television range from the overly sexual character, drug trafficker, to the illegal immigrant. These are examples of the negative stereotypes that compose the image of Latinos in society. Unfortunately, the negative stereotypes are what Americans believe to be true about all Latinos. The negative stereotype of Latinos is the belief of what most of America has characterized Latinos to be, because of the negative depictions shown throughout the many channels of popular culture. The stereotypical paradigms have even affected family social interactions within many Latino households. They have also affected how Latinos handle the negative stereotypes. A study conducted by Rivadeneyra in the Journal of Adolescent Research asked Latino youth to watch clips from television shows, and to report if they felt the roles of Latinos were accurate or stereotypical. The study found that, if one does not fit this description, then the only alternative that many young Latinos see is to accept the stereotypes perpetuated by white Americans (Rivas Saenz, 5). The frequent exposure of the negative stereotype portrayals affects Latino youth in such a way that can lower their sense of racial self-esteem. It also affects their sense of individuality within their culture, because p opular culture groups all Latinos into one group. Moreover, popular culture doesnt take into consideration how many different cultures exist thought the Latino community. People neglect to remember how many different cultural groups are out there, from Puerto Ricans to Colombians. Non-Hispanics tend to assign one culture to any Latino they see, like saying they are Mexican, even though the non-Hispanics know they are not the only cultural group belonging to the Latino community. When Latinos constantly experience this stereotype, they eventually give up on correcting those who do this to them. This forces them to revert to accepting what people see them as and not who they are. Time after time, movies have negatively characterized Latinos. Hollywood movies are a big part of popular culture. Fictional characters are mainly presented as uneducated, living lives filled with violence, and this portrays the belief that this is the only way to achieve the Latin American Dream. The Latin American Dream refers to the idea of Latinos reaching a higher socioeconomic status through alternative pathways (Rivas Saenz, 6). A prime example of this cultural appropriation would be the movie Scarface, in which it depicts the roles of Cuban-Americans who are drug dealers. Movies such as this, show the viewers that for the Latino community to gain success they must bypass laws or human morals to do so. As stated before, the negative portrayals in media causes the Latino youth to see themselves in that negative light. Furthermore, they dont perceive themselves as having worth and value, instead as constituents of a subordinate group within American society (Rivas Saenz , 7). They begin to believe the negative depictions to be true. The constant subjectivity of these negative views seems to be a justification for the youth to separate themselves from their culture. Not only is the misrepresentation seen in movies, but it is also seen in television shows. It has been one of the front-runners in the subordination of Latinos. The popularity of television plays a major role in the depictions of Latinos. Television show creators have forced negative traits on Latino characters. Those of which include, being uneducated, unmotivated, poverty-stricken, lazy, criminals, and as people who appear only to work jobs such as maids, janitors, or gardeners (Rivas Saenz, 8). Among many other minorities, Latinos have stereotypes that have maintained their position throughout television. An example of a television show that showcases Latino stereotypes would be The George Lopez Show, where there is a distinct portrayal that upholds the standards of the Latino bias. The overpowering atmosphere of American popular culture has played a major role in the way Latino Americans are portrayed than they have been before. In the article, Latino Portrayals in the Media, it discusses the representation of Latinos seen in primetime media. Even though there has been greater representation of Latinos in the media, there is still a negative effect on the Latino community. For a long time, Latinos have not only been portrayed negatively through stereotypes but hey have also been largely ignored and excluded from most American Media (Latino Portrayals in the Media). A study conducted by the Annenberg School of Cultural Communicators Project, found that between 1969 to 1978 only 2.5% of mainstream television characters were Latinos. This percentage is not far off from what it reflects today and compared to other minorities, they are still notably behind. Another study by The Center for Media and Public Affairs in Washington D.C. has shown that Latinos have b een in the 2% range for the past thirty years (Latino Portrayals in the Media). When Latinos are in the different forms of media, a certain type of Latino is represented. For example, someone with darker features, tanner skin, and an accent. This overlooks the diversity in the Latino community that is included under the umbrella term Hispanic. There is a lack of range represented of the community in the media. A major issue that has been created by stereotypes is the lack of diversity. Popular culture has presented one cohesive community that ultimately suppresses the different cultures within the actual Latino community. Even though Latinos are considered a minority community, in reality not all Latinos are fond of each other or share similar values. Due to this, its difficult for this community to unite to fight the created labels and false cultural propaganda that work against them (Latino Portrayals in the Media). Although this has been a road block for many Latinos, others have seen this as a way to affirm their own history and position in the U.S. This is very important to them, because they want to make it clear that not all Latinos are immigrants. Many are second, third generation and beyond other Americans who are wholly assimilated and have rights and rightly insist on asserting their rights (Latino Portra yals in the Media). In other words, they believe it is unfair to immediately group them in to the immigrant stereotype, and that they also have rights as much as any other American does. Another rising issue created by stereotyping has affected Latinos sexuality by being labeled as being seductive or having many children because of being impoverished. This is just one of many stereotypes popular culture has created. The stereotypes have remained defining and demeaning characteristics for more than a century and still exist today. The author Charles Ram? ­rez Berg of Latino Images In Film finds that Latino images in the media contains six basic stereotypes: el bandido, the harlot, the male buffoon, the female clown, the Latin lover, and the dark lady. El bandido is stereotypically the Mexican bandit in numerous Westerns and adventure films. An example of this would be at the beginning of Raiders of the Lost Ark, where the bandidos are the two guides that betrayed Indiana Jones. These characters are displayed as dirty and under kept, irrational and quick to resort to violence. Theyre inability to speak English or speaking English with a heavy accent is filmmakings way of showing their feeble intellect (Berg, 68). Hollywood characterizes them as having little brain power. In todays Hollywood films, el bandido is seen in two variants: the Latin American gangster or drug runner and the inner -city gang member. The female version to el bandido is the harlot, who is primarily characterized as lusty, hot-tempered, and doesnt know what to do without a man. For example, the character of Angelica in Six Days, Seven Nights, as soon as the pilot (Harrison Ford) leaves she is lost without him. Her character is a prime example of a stereotype blend between the harlot and the female buffoon. To continue, one of the other stereotypes is the male buffoon. These characters can be found in television shows like Pancho in The Cisco Kid, Sergeant Garcia in Walt Disneys Zorro series, and Ricky Ricardo in I Love Lucy. This stereotype is said to be simpleminded, unable to master English. What is funny about this character, what audiences are given to laugh at, are the very characteristics that separate him from Hollywoods vision of the WASP American mainstream (Berg, 72). This is Hollywoods attempt of making an old stereotype relevant again by turning the character into a comic. The female clown is the equivalent of the Latino male buffoon and exemplifies a common devices that the Hollywood narrative employs to neutralize the screen Latinas sexuality (Berg, 73). Charles Ram? ­rez Berg argues that this is a necessary role because the hero must have a reason to reject the Latina for the Anglo woman, to which maintains the WASP status quo. Films show how Hollywood narrative s often imply that Anglos should only be with those of their ethnicity. Another stereotype found in films and television is the Latin lover. This character is deemed to have the qualities of a sexuality that makes them capable of making a sensuous but dangerous brand of love (Berg, 76). The Latin lover has continuously been seen played by a number of Latin actors like Antonio Banderas in films like Never Talk to Strangers. Like how Latina women have been subjected to the sexpot stereotype Latino men have often been sexualized in the media as the Latin lover. The last stereotype the author mentioned was the dark lady. This stereotype is said to be the female Latin lover, where she is virginal, inscrutable, and aristocratic. According the author, there is a way to check for stereotypes called the stereotype communication test. This is practiced by substituting the role being analyzed with another ethnicity, and if the role can be played well enough then theres most likely no stereotyping occurring. On the other hand, if no other ethnicity can play the role just as well then it probably involves stereotypical traits of the cultural group. There have been films made that went against stereotypes, whose characters are portrayed appropriately even though filmmaking relies on stereotypes. Furthermore, there has been a growing number of Latino filmmaker who continue to break through the stereotyping paradigm of filmmaking. Alongside film and television reflecting a negative portrayal of Latinos, the medias pervasive stereotypes of Latinos also prevail. In the manuscript The Negative Effects of Mass Media Stereotypes of Latinos and Immigrants, the authors Tyler Reny and Sylvia Manzano express how public opinion reflects the medias stereotypes of Latinos and immigrants. They believe that these stereotypes make it hard to believe that America is supposed to be an inclusive, multiracial democracy or so called the melting pot. We find convincing evidence that non-Latinos attribute both negative and positive stereotypes to Latinos and immigrants, and that news and entertainment media can shape public opinion about Latinos and immigrants in a variety of ways (Reny Manzano, 195). It is very common to see media coverage of Latino immigrants that is in a negative light, full of stereotypes, and highly dramatized. Withering public support, loud opposition, and negative stereotypes firmly contribute to popul ar discourse. Coverage of Latinos and immigrants focuses almost mainly on the negative events like undocumented immigrants and lacks important content. The authors believe that since Americans are usually not fully knowledgeable about issues concerning Latinos or immigrants, they formulate their opinions based on what popular culture presents them with. Given that Americans are poorly informed about issues of immigration, media can play a large role in constructing the metaphors by which Americans come to understand demographic change, immigration, and Latinos (Reny Manzano, 197). The study conducted by the authors involved asking respondents to think about films and television show and to recall the roles they often seen played by Latinos. The top three answers were criminal or gang member, gardener, and maid. The more familiar the respondents were with Latinos, the less likely they were to believe the stereotypes in the media. Looking first at media and positive stereotypes, respondents wh o were exposed to positive primes were more likely to agree that positive stereotypes applied to Latinos than those who were exposed to negative primes (Reny Manzano, 206). News channels has one of the strongest effects in shaping attitudes about Latinos and immigrants. For instance, people who watch and trust more conservative media are more likely to agree with negative stereotypes than those who watch and trust liberal media. People will usually cater to outlets that uphold their beliefs to look for information that supports them. Thus, this is why the media has such a strong hold on priming the way people perceive others in society. The negative depictions shown throughout the different outlets of popular culture has led America to believe these stereotypes of Latinos. Popular culture grasps stereotypes by the neck and forces society to believe them to be true. Latinos are just one of the many minorities that have been affected by stereotypes. Latinos are not the only victims of stereotyping; these groups are not to be forgotten: LGBTQ, Native Americans, African Americans, Asians and Asian Americans, the working class, the poor, immigrants, women, and so on. Human thinking is heavily reliant on the images popular culture presents. These images and metaphors are the mental building blocks with which humans make sense of their social world.

The Conflict Of The Arab Israeli Conflict - 1420 Words

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The Trouble with Geniuses free essay sample

The Trouble with Geniuses Part One: Although both Chris Langen and Robert Oppenheimer were both geniuses, Oppenheimer had better life chances and more opportunities than did Chris Langan. Oppenheimer was born in a wealthy and well-known family and was in an upper social class. Therefore he had a richer cultural capital than Chris Langan because his parents taught him how to deal with adults and how to assert himself. They also encouraged him to take chances. For instance, when he has an opportunity to be a speaker at the New York Mineralogical Club, he was afraid and did not want to do it, but his father encouraged him to take the challenge. His parents encouraged and help Oppenheimer to prosper and grow and develop his genius. On the other hand, Chris Langan was born into a poor family, therefore in a lower social class than Oppenheimer, and was a college drop out. We will write a custom essay sample on The Trouble with Geniuses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He had little life chances, only working in low-paying jobs such as construction and a bouncer and night clubs. He had the opportunity to go to Reed College. However, due to some circumstances, his scholarship was revoked and the school cut him off of any financial means for college. This caused him to drop out of Reed and he recieved all Fs on his transcript, even though he had straight As at the beginning of the term. When he attended Montant State University, he requested to move from an early class to an afternoon class, due to car problems. He was denied the request because of his poor grades at Reed College. Oppenheimer was also treated differently than Langan. When he tried to poison his tutor, Oppenheimer was left off with probation and had to see a psychiatrist. If Langan was to do the same, he would face much harsher punishments due to his different social class. Langan and his brothers had a very different cultural capital than Oppenheimer did. He and his brothers were taught to hate authority figure, therefore Chris Langan did not know how to interact with adults. He could not even have a conversation with his calculus intructor who did not realize his brilliance in calculus. Different social classes teach children different cultural capital. In turn, those cultural capitals affects the life chances that children encounter. Part Two: Parents influence their children in very many ways. Parents encourage desired behaviors and talents while discouraging those that are undesirable not necessarily to the children, but to the parents and adults in the real world. Desired behaviors are rewarded while undesirable traits and behaviors are met with punishment of some form. Our parents taught us how to be independent and to do things for ourselves. It was an advantage in that we dont need to depend on other people to get things done and we dont need to wait for an opportunity. This independence taught us to work hard for ourselves and to take charge of our own education and life. Part Three: Cutting music and art programs creates a large gap between opportunities for wealther children and lower class children. Children whose parents do not have the financial means to afford private art and music lessions have a greater disadvantage because they do not have the opportunities and resources to cultivate their talents. They could be the next Picasso, but because they did not have the means to express their genius and cultivate their talent, it never gets discovered. Only a very few lucky children will be able to prosper in their talents. Schools should provide another means of art and music classes. For instance, they could have clubs where children can pay a small fee to cover the costs of supplies and raise fundraisers as well, so the clubs are not totally funded by the schools. This story refutes the notion that a persons success/failure is solely a personal choice and effort because peoples success mainly relies on who and what they know, the opportunities that are handed to them and their financial means. A poor genius such as Chris Langan was never discovered because he did not have the credentials of going to school because of his financial situation whereas Robert Oppenheim was discovered because his parents were wealthy and put their son out there to be more known. A persons success also depends on his or her parents and how they are raised and the social/economic environment they were raised in.

Digital Forensic for Computer Crimes †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theDigital Forensic for Computer Crimes. Answer: Introduction Computer Crimes Crime is conduct that when done affects another party disadvantageously and could lead to punishment when the prosecution is undertaken. In concern to computer crimes, there exists a difficulty that comes up during the trial. The computer crimes or digital crimes make it a habit of not breaking some of the laws put down in the enforcement. The laws existing in the judiciary are not that advance to issue punishment to these offenders if not followed critically. With this in mind, the judicial proceedings put in ideas from the traditional prosecution systems. Some of the ways that this method is applied is in relation to some criminal offenses that include burglary and fraud. These crimes, when analyzed properly, can provide the means to coming up with judgment on digital crimes. In spite of the application of traditional criminal laws, the technology in computers is also developing. The computers are becoming more advanced in hiding information and tracing their uses even more challen ging(Daniel, 2012). Findings Criminal Law In this branch of law, the crime committed is viewed as interference to the normal proceedings of the society. Whenever one is said to have committed a crime, the judicial decisions could lead to a jail term. The guilty party is forced to take time for rehabilitation. Another end game is the provision of probation to the guilty party. This act is known to give verdicts that punish severely. The severe punishment is to make the offender learn from the mistakes done to prevent the future happening of the same crime. The decisions also lead to disciplining of law breakers(Andrew Jones, 2011). The suspect under scrutiny first needs to be proven guilty or innocent. This scrutiny is done by a jury in court. The jury has to see the offender as guilty without any doubt for the verdict to be guilty. To make the jury believe the evidence and come with a guilty verdict, the prosecutor employs the use of testifying individuals(Garrison, 2010). These testifications should be able to link the law breaker to the crime directly. In spite of the window of nailing criminals using proving parties, the offender can also get away scot free. In criminal law. The crime is grouped into two. These groupings include the felonies and the misdemeanors. Felony crimes are crimes that lead to serving jail terms. The crimes are punished severely. Also, the misdemeanors are the next category that only result in fining or serving of prison terms less than a year. Civil Law The public law defines crime as offense done to persons or businesses. This battery commonly makes losses or can lead to damage the involved parties. The public code also lacks the jail term decision from the jury in court. This law leads to financial security to the one who is affected by the crime. This is the primary purpose of the bill(Garrison, 2010). Financial securities in the civil law refer to damage compensation, punitive damages, even legal costs. The cases in this bill take less time to convict. This is due to the lesser burden during the gathering and proving of evidence when prosecuting. The prosecutor needs to make the jury believe in the testimony against the offender. A search warrant is also issued in this bill allowing seizing of proof. Insurance Insurance policies have been put in place to transfer risk in businesses conducted between parties to a lesser appreciable loss level. In computers, there could be a loss of data. The data lost in computer storage systems means loss of information which needs to be compensated. Hence an insurance policy steps in to demand the company that issued the agreement to pay up the loss. In some cases, the company that got issued the insurance policy may try to track the source of the data loss. In the process, there is an increase of loss during this time. The insurance states that the added loss incurred will have to be paid the concerned company. Rule of Evidence During investigations, the provision of proof kicks in. The investigation has to be thorough also the proceedings have to satisfy this law. In digital crimes. The tracing of the offense in the computer is proving to be cumbersome. The offenders are improving in the skills whenever they cause crimes. They cover their traces carefully thereby requiring the investigating committee also to have skilled trackers in computer technology(Gogolin, 2012). The investigators have to be able to identify together with existing the data in suspect computers. In addition to that, the traditional way of prosecuting suspects is by the provision of concrete evince. The evidence present in computer crimes are mostly intangible. Making it difficult to convict. Best Evidence Rule In the best evidence rule, the jury needs to be present with only original proof of the crime committed. The law disallows presentation of copies of evidence. The rule has therefore been amended to allow slight changes to this statement. The amendments have allowed usage of copies of in particular cases that include; Evidence loss that has been caused by an act of God. The acts of God include earthquakes, floods and much The normal conducting of business could also lead to loss of original copies. The presence of another party that even with issued warranty cannot be lead to them producing the original copies. Exclusionary Rule The exclusionary rule puts forward the idea of being in possession of incriminating evidence through the use of law enforcing party that legally follows the procedures. The legal proceedings are the one that directs the methods of obtaining evidence. Whenever the exclusionary rule is not adhered to, the proof of the crime is said to be fruits of the poisonous tree(Garrison, 2010). Hearsay Rule When an evidence e is provided as hearsay, the person issuing the evidence does not have a first hand relation to the crime(Robert E. Taylor, 2014). Another individual is the one who provides the source of the incriminating piece. The prosecution, therefore, lies in the hands of the legibility of the source. The competence of the second-party is a critical consideration in the hearsay rule(Gogolin, 2012). Chain of Evidence The investigation in crime leads prosecutors obtaining evidence. The evidence afterward needs to be secured properly and be tracked whenever logged to different persons. The accountability of the evidence brings about the chain of proof where the evidence is confiscated, secured and be put under control(Sammons, 2012). Admissibility of Evidence Digital crimes can be admissible. The level of eligibility is high due to the ease of tampering with the data. The evidence can easily be hacked can easily be lost due to short-circuited instruments or being close to magnet proximity. The judicial proceedings hence come up with an idea of providing evidence relevance and the reliability of the laws(Daniel, 2012). The Process of Investigation Examination process has to be prepared before execution. The following proceedings are the pre-investigation ways for undertaking scrutiny(Head of Department of Crime Policing Studies and Academic Director Robin Bryant, 2016). Identification of system that has been seized The digital crime targets computers and hence the infected computer need to be scrutinized to extract as much data as possible. The extraction puts together both the hardware specifications of and the software present in them(Sammons, 2012). Getting a warrant required and issuing it. Whenever a suspect is suspected of being in possession of evidence that relates to the crime committed, a warrant is the only way to obtain the evidence legally. The warrant is only issued if the investigator gives lots of reason for such a search. Once the permit is in place, the researcher, confiscation of the incriminating details possessed by the suspect is possible(Gilbert Peterson, 2009). Identifying a search team that will properly conduct an investigation. Before the inquiry begins, the law enforcing individuals should be able to hold a warrant, and the members need to be competent. The competency is assured by developing a team that consists of a lead investigator, some information security members, a department that is legal and some technical assistance(Daniel, 2012). Execution of Investigation The deployment t of security around the site Sketching and taking photographs of the site Identifying, marking and further packing the incriminating data. This collection needs to adhere to the rule of evidence. When the third step begins, and the computer is found to be on, the investigator has to take a video that records by use of scrolling effect(Cruz-Cunha, 2014). Also, taking photographs adds to the accountability. After making the video, the computer is good to be shut down bearing in consideration of a logical mainframe shutdown. One way that eases the tiresome conducting of this step is by conduction of the investigation of on the premise that crime was committed. Getting access to the surveillance system of the suspect. Deeply looking at the evidence obtained. Forensic Tools used in Investigation There are some survey tools pens that can be used in digital crime investigation. The tools applied in the investigation intended t obtain incriminating evidence in the related area of expertise(Lilley, 2002). The computer can be analyzed. Tha analysis is done in its network traffic. In the network analysis, the sniffer tool is applicable. A sniffer tool that may be Wireshark, intercepts any network traffic to produce logs that are noted down for more review. Another tool that is applied in the digital crime prosecution is NetworkMiner. networkMiner extracts and recovers all documents in a computer affected. In cases where real-time surveillance is required, Sort tool is best. The tool is at its best when tracking down offenders(Daniel, 2012). Annalysis Conducted Reporting Digital crimes are committed almost every time. The act, however, will not assure arrest as the result or clearance of the offender(Panagiotis Kanellis, 2006). The police have to secure the evidence that prosecution required for jury decision. The confiscated evidence is then presented to the jury that determines the fate of the one who committed the crime. Along the way, difficulties arise. Problems in investigation such mess in accountability and handling of incriminating documents(Gilbert Peterson, 2009). The research is about the use of evidence categories in coming up with ways of convicting digital criminals. The groups include hearsay rule. After reporting the crime, a test can be done to determine the admissibility(Barrett, 1997). A Frye test is the way forward in the determination. The results acquired are used in the NIST tools that scientifically establish the validity of the accusations. Finally, the party accused is provided the duplicate of the charges. Another alternative way of alerting the defense is by giving them access to see the allegations(Casey, 2009). All in all, the reporting procedure aims at identification any fact that is relating to the crime at hand. The report should be able to give an investigative format of accounting of specific incidences of digital crime. More to it is the possibility of discrepancies that may be instigated by witness statements. The report characteristics include as shown below(Daniel, 2012); Well organized documentation of the incident description of the act. Should contain all the statements provided y the witnesses Should be able to reference all the evidentiary articles. Should have a forensic analysis that describes the investigation. There needs to be some conclusion. The conclusion has to have come from the stated facts. Noe of the opinions from the investigator is included in the report. The report provided by the prosecutor must also be handed to the defense. Legal Proceedings in Digital Crime(Sammons, 2012) Discovery and protection orders Here, the case is presented the report of the investigation and witness list. The step only omits the method of presenting the evidence in court for prosecution. However, the copy submitted to the judicial proceedings can be limited. The court can restrict the access of the documents in court. Allowing secretive holding of sensitive documents. Grand jury hearing and preliminary hearings. The affected company will have to choose a law enforcer such as a prosecutor to take them through the court trials. The trial Tests can take a while to be scheduled due to the back to back backlog routine of the court. Here the criminal and civil law are conducted and can be run parallel. Damage recovery If any party intends to recover losses incurred then the public law comes in handy. Review of Postmortem The preventive measure for breach leading to the crime is examined. The security plans are laid down to make a response plan, policy of planning, monitoring of electrical systems and developing warning banner against unauthorized access. Conclusion Computer crime is a type of art that needs planning. The planning helps in its execution and in turn its investigation also needs planning. During investigation, the major responsibility is to get the nature and the size of damage to the affected system after which digital forensic kicks in. the investigations therefore need to be deeply conducted to understand how to detect, solve and prevent future crime. Thereby, the investigator needs to have a good understanding of the law(Daniel, 2012). References Andrew Jones, C. V. (2011). Building a Digital Forensic Laboratory: Establishing and Managing a Successful Facility. Denver: Butterworth-Heinemann. Barrett, N. (1997). Digital Crime: Policing the Cybernation. atlanta: Kogan Page. Casey, E. (2009). Handbook of Digital Forensics and Investigation. Chicago: Academic Press. Cory Altheide, H. C. (2011). Digital Forensics with Open Source Tools. Philadelphia: Elsevier. Cruz-Cunha, M. M. (2014). Handbook of Research on Digital Crime, Cyberspace Security, and Information Assurance. New York City: IGI Global. Daniel, L. E. (2012). Digital Forensics for Legal Professionals: Understanding Digital Evidence from the Warrant to the Courtroom. Chicago: Elsevier. Garrison, C. P. (2010). Digital Forensics for Network, Internet, and Cloud Computing: A Forensic Evidence Guide for Moving Targets and Data. washington DC: Syngress. Gilbert Peterson, S. S. (2009). Advances in Digital Forensics V: Fifth IFIP WG 11.9 International Conference on Digital Forensics, Orlando, Florida, USA, January 26-28, 2009, Revised Selected Papers. Wiscosin: Springer. Gogolin, G. (2012). Digital Forensics Explained. New York: CRC Press. Head of Department of Crime Policing Studies and Academic Director Robin Bryant, R. B. (2016). Policing Digital Crime. Washington DC: Routledge. Jahankhani, H. (2010 ). Handbook of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics. Chicago: World Scientific. Lilley, P. (2002). Hacked, Attacked Abused: Digital Crime Exposed. Denver: Kogan Page Publishers. Panagiotis Kanellis, E. K. (2006). Digital Crime and Forensic Science in Cyberspace. Chicago: Idea Group Inc (IGI). Robert E. Taylor, R. W. (2014). Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism. Denver: Pearson Education. Sammons, J. (2012). The Basics of Digital Forensics: The Primer for Getting Started in Digital Forensics. Atlanta: Elsevier. Wiles, J. (2011). TechnoSecurity's Guide to E-Discovery and Digital Forensics: A Comprehensive Handbook. New York City: Elsevier.

Johnson Behavioral System (JBS) Model Essays - Nursing Theory

Johnson Behavioral System (JBS) Model In this paper, I am going to summarize the Johnson Behavioral System (JBS) Model (Johnson, 1980, 1990), explain the perspectives for nursing practice, and explore its applicability in nursing practice. First, I am going to talk a little about Dorothy E. Johnson the nurse that wrote the Model. Dorothy E. Johnson was born August 21, 1919, in Savannah, Georgia (Lobo, 1995). She received her A.A. from Armstrong Junior College in Savannah, Georgia, in 1938; her B.S.N. from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1942; and her M.P.H. from Harvard University in Boston in 1948 (Conner, Harbour, Magers, and Watt 1994). Johnson was an instructor and an assistant professor in pediatric nursing at Vanderbilt University School of Nursing from 1944 to 1949. From 1949 until her retirement in 1978 and subsequent move to Key Largo, Florida, she was an assistant professor of pediatric nursing, an associate professor of nursing, and a professor of nursing at the University of California in Los Angeles (Conner et. al. 1994). In 1955 and 1956 she was eligible to go on a sabbatical and went to the Christian Medical College School of Nursing in Vellore, South India, were she was interested in starting a baccalaureate program which was received well (Lobo, 1995). Dorothy Johnson has had an influence on nursing through her publications since the 1950s. Throughout her career, Johnson has stressed the importance of research-based knowledge about the effect of nursing care on clients. Johnson was an early proponent of nursing as a science as well as an art. She also believed nursing had a body of knowledge reflecting both the science and the art. From the beginning, Johnson (1959) proposed that the knowledge of the science of nursing necessary for effective nursing care included a synthesis of key concepts drawn from basic and applied sciences. In 1961, Johnson proposed that nursing care facilitated the client's maintenance of a state of equilibrium. Johnson proposed that clients were "stressed" by a stimulus of either an internal or external nature. These stressful stimuli created such disturbances, or "tensions," in the patient that a state of disequilibrium occurred. Johnson identified two areas that nursing care should be based in order to return the client to a state of equilibrium. First, by reducing stressful stimuli, and second, by supporting natural and adaptive processes. Johnson's behavioral system theory springs from Nightingales belief that nursing's goal is to help individuals prevent or recover from disease or injury. The "science and art" of nursing should focus on the patient as an individual and not on the specific disease entity. Johnson used the work of behavioral scientists in psychology, sociology, and ethnology to develop her theory. The model is patterned after a systems model; a system is defined as consisting of interrelated parts functioning together to form a whole (Conner et. al. 1994). Johnson states that a nurses should use the behavioral system as their knowledge base; comparable to the biological system that physicians use as their base of knowledge (Lobo, 1995). Theory The reason Johnson chose the behavioral system model is the idea that "all the patterned, repetitive, purposeful ways of behaving that characterize each person's life make up an organized and integrated whole, or a system" (other). Johnson states that by categorizing behaviors, they can be predicted and ordered. Johnson categorized all human behavior into seven subsystems (SSs): Attachment, Achievement, Aggressive, Dependence, Sexual, Ingestive, and Eliminative. Each subsystem is composed of a set of behavioral responses or tendencies that share a common goal. These responses are developed through experience and learning and are determined by numerous physical, biological, psychological, and social factors. Four assumptions are made about the structure and function of each SS. These four assumptions are the "structural elements" common to each of the seven SSs. The first assumption is "from the form the behavior takes and the consequences it achieves can be inferred what drive has been stimulated or what goal is being sought" (Johnson, 1980). The ultimate goal for each subsystem is expected to be the same for all individuals. The second assumption is that each individual has a "predisposition to act, with reference to the goal, in certain ways rather than in other ways"

The Nursing Profession The WritePass Journal

The Nursing Profession Introduction The Nursing Profession   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from rcm.org.uk/college/campaigns-events/campaign-for-normal-birth/ Ipek C. G. Kasikci, M. 2011, Development of the Attitude Scale for Nursing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Profession. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 17 (5): 518-24 Harrison, J. Journeaux, M. 2011, Promoting nursing and midwifery as a potential   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   career for school leavers. Nursing Standard, 26 (9): 35-40 Carol H. Dawn R. 2011, What Is Nursing? Exploring Theory and Practice. NY: SAGE, 2011 Hiscott, R. 1998, Career Paths of Nursing Professionals: A Study of Employment Mobility. NY: McGill-Queens

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example There is always a high demand for people having good communication skills and those professionals who are young and adaptive to change. To study the demographic factors is vital for a manger as it helps him in selecting the best person for the job. In job interviews, managers are mostly looking for confident candidates and also those candidates that have good interpersonal and good communication skills. These types of employees tend to prove themselves highly valuable to the firm. The abilities and skills of a person highly influence his behaviour and performance. If your skills and abilities match the requirements of the job, you are likely to perform better. This is so because one knows the job description requirements and can perform well accordingly. The manager plays a key role when matching the job requirements with the skills and abilities of the employees. This is crucial as matching skills and abilities will allow the desired results to be achieved by the firm. Perception is a process by which sensory impressions are organised and interpreted by an individual in order to give meaning to whatever is around him. The perception of a person can be influenced by many factors. For managers it is really important to create a work environment that is favourable and that it is positively perceived by the employees. If the employees perceive it positively, it will improve their performance and overall, the firm will become productive and profitable. Attitude is the propensity to react positively or negatively towards certain things, people or circumstances. The supervisor of a company should study the factors related to employment to create a positive work environment so that workers are encouraged to form a favourable attitude towards their particular jobs. The variables such as family, society, traditions and culture, friends and organisational characteristics affect the development and attitude of the employees. The workers can perform efficiently if they for m a better attitude in the workplace. Employees also need to work upon having a good work life balance so that they can achieve their targets successfully without having pressure from anyone side of professional work or personal life. Personality is the study of the unique characteristics of an individual, the relations between these individuals and how they alter and change with respect to society and changing circumstances. The numerous dynamics that affect the personality of a person are inheritance, family, friends, society, culture and other circumstances. This shows that individuals are different when working in an organisation and their personality changes along with it. Personality can be considered as the most difficult part of an individual, and this largely affects the behaviour of a human being. Studying the personality characteristics of an individual is a good opportunity to comprehend them. It motivates them to complete the organisational goal in an efficient manner. Diverse environmental variables produce different reactions, and studying these reactions is very crucial for the organisation. By studying these responses certain types of behaviours that are demanded by organisations are discovered and learnt. Examples of these behaviours are

Germany's Political Situation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Germany's Political Situation - Research Paper Example The state has high living standards, and an inclusive system of community security. The country is known worldwide for its cultural and political history (Hilmer, 2002, p. 5). Germany’s political influence is well documented both locally and international. The country influenced global politics that led to the two World Wars and locally through the Nazi regime. However, the country has grown politically, and it currently is a democratic hallmark for other countries. Germany has a federal, representative and parliamentary system of government. The political system functions under a structure laid out in the constitutional document of 1949. Amendments to the constitution require 66% majority votes from the chambers of parliament. The fundamental principles of the German constitution express human dignity, federal structures, and separation of power and rule of law as valid in perpetuity. The President heads the state, and the presidential institution has the representative power s and responsibilities. The President comes to power through a federal convention, which constitutes members of the Bundestag and state delegates. The President of the Bundestag has the second highest official powers after the president. This President, elected by the Bundestag, oversees the daily sessions of the German parliament. The Chancellor occupies the third highest office in Germany. The Chancellor heads the government and is appointed after elections by the Bundestag (Schmidt, 2005, p. 149). The Chancellor heads the government and has executive powers similar the Prime Minister in other democracies. The parliament has the federal legislative powers, and it consists of the Bundestag and the Bundesrat. The Bundestag undergoes direct elections through proportional representation. Members of the Bundesrat make the government of 16th federal state, and the state cabinet (Schmidt, 2005, p. 155). Since 1949, party system dominated German politics. The Christian Democratic Union an d the Social Democratic Party of Germany characterized German politics, with all German Chancellors having membership of the two parties. However, liberal parties such as the Alliance ‘90/The Greens and the Free Democratic Party also played crucial roles in German politics. The law system in Germany has its basis on the Roman law that is civil. Germany comprises 16 states, referred to as Lander. Each state has a constitution, and they are largely autonomous with regard to internal organization. Germany has states of varying sizes and populations. In 2009, the country was divided into 403 districts, with 102 urban districts and 301 rural districts (Wheeler-Bennet, 1965, p. 468). In the past, Germany was divided into kingdoms, which later united to form the German Empire. This empire had a ruler known as an Emperor or Kaiser. The Kaiser did not gain power through election, but rather through inheritance or nomination. Only men took part in the elections of the Reichstag, as wome n did not have voting powers. The Reichstag or Imperial Assembly was a weak body. This body could not formulate laws; it could only pass, reject or amend bills initiated by the Kaiser appointed chancellor. During the early days of the empire, the Reichstag functioned in agreement with the Kaiser; this means that the Kaiser controlled the body. However, with time, the body became less compliant with Kaiser’s wishes. Disagreement between Kaiser and the Reichstag led to

Why did he write this Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why did he write this - Essay Example He does not necessarily write this essay simply to drum into its reader the importance of reading, which has been done many times and in many different ways, but to explore how reading shaped and morphed his life, and use this exploration to examine how people go about reading and what reading can be more generally, and hopefully, to have the reader examine their relationship to reading. â€Å"The Lonely, Good Company of Books† takes on almost a narrative format, outlining the different stages of his life in terms of what readings he did and how he interpreted readings. He starts by talking about his upbringing, about how his parents interacted with their reading and how that affected him. He said that his parents read nothing more substantive than a recipe or a pamphlet, and believed that reading should be kept to a bare minimum, only extract the important information you need and then stop (Rodriguez). He then moves on to explain the next step in his relationship with reading, and the influences on it. One of the major influences with reading was his mother, as mentioned before. When Rodriguez wanted to be a writer, his mother advised him not to, saying that it would be a foolish financial decision (Rodriguez). But there were counterinfluences going against the influence his parents put on him, like an Old Nun who encouraged him to read, telling him that th rough reading he could access new characters and experiences that he never would have been able to imagine or live himself. This narrative framework, talking about his relationship with reading from a young age as well as the influences who affected his relationship with reading, helps force anyone who reads â€Å"The Lonely, Good Company of Books† to examine the own parallel happenings in their life. Everyone conceives of their own life in a narrative form, understanding how they

Employee Management Procedures

Employee Management Procedures Unitary and pluralistic frames of reference one can be able to analyze employee relation approach. According to the unitary approach, members of an organization have to have objectives, goals and values for the organization to be successful. This explains why organizations have goals and mission statements as they give guidance to the employees. The unitary approach is very important as it helps to promote the team culture in an organization and ensures that there are good employee relations within an organization. The pluralistic approach supports the fact that there are different employees with different values and perspectives. The pluralistic approach is very important as it helps in conflict resolution in an organization. The unitary and pluralistic frames can be used as a point of reference to guide employees who have a wrong perception about the relation of employees in the organization. Through the frames, managers can be able to manage people whose interests coincide with the interests of the organization. For example with the unitary frame of reference, one can hardly find conflicts since with the reference frames managers can be able to identify the sources of conflicts and therefore know how to control and avoid them. Reflect and explain how changes in trade unionism have affected employee relations The trade union plays a very important role to employees. Its main aim is to protect the rights of the employees inters of pay and the working conditions. The union has come in order to help employees in an organization. It has played a role in ensuring good employee relations in an organization in several ways which may include: It helps to prevent conflicts between employees as it acts as a communication channel between the employees and management. This helps the employees to stay informed and thus helps to prevent conflicts that may arise between the managers and the employees. The union makes bargaining arrangements to the employees which may help the employee and thus may help to prevent conflicts among employs. This is due to the fact that conflicts may arise among employees who might be doing the same job and one gets more salary than the other. This has an impact on employee relations in an organization. Through unions, one can have lay representatives who help to communicate managerial shortcomings which may help to prevent irresponsible managers which may help to prevent conflicts in an organization between employees and the managerial sector. The union has taken many measures to ensure that there is a good balance between the managers and the employees and thus help to prevent conflicts since it is the main source of conflicts in organization. Using a real life example of your choice, explain within context the role of the main players in employee relations issue you have chosen There are different players in an organization who play different roles in an organization to ensure that there is good employee relations within an organization. The main players in employee relations in an organization are the managers, the employees and the organization. They are the ones that contribute to good or bad employee relation in organization. For example for the case of a disciplinary issue whereby an employee has done an action that is illegal according to the rules of the organization. This issue will lead to an employee relation problem in an organization. In this case, the employee is the main contributor of the issue since he did what he was not supposed to do since it is illegal according to the organization. The other employees will have an issue with this and it may lead to conflicts within the organization. They will therefore play a role of taking the issue to the manager. The manager will then take an action according to the rules of the organization or the contract. His main role will be to ensure that the same issue does not arise again by punishing the employee accordingly. The organization plays a very important role since it is the one that come up with rules and regulations that will govern the conduct of the employee and employee relations within an organization to ensure there is harmony within the orga nization and that people are responsible for their actions. All the players of employee role relation should therefore coordinate to make sure that there is good employee relation in an organization for the well being of the organization as a whole since it is the employees who will determine the performance of the organization. Task 2 Discuss and evaluate the procedures that should be followed by an organization when dealing with different conflict situations Conflicts arise in organizations due to the different perceptions on different matters in an organization. In dealing with conflicts in an organization, there are procedures that should be followed in dealing with the conflict. This is to ensure that managers are able to solve the conflict with fairness without favoring some employees. There are different kinds of conflicts in an organization and this is very important in solving a conflict. This is the first step that all managers need to understand in solving a conflict in an organization. There are several factors that need to be understood in solving a conflict in an organization. One firstly has to understand the situation leading to the conflict. There are different conditions that lead to the rise of conflicts and it is important for manager s to understand them in order to know how to solve them. After understanding the condition leading to the conflict one should then find out the effect of the conflict to the organization which may be either positive or negative. This will help the manager to weigh the effect of the conflict. One should then understand the stages of the conflict process. Conflicts have different stages and the stage of the conflict is very important to be known in order for the manager to know how to solve the conflict. After understanding all these, one can then find ways of dealing with the conflicts. One can assess the different ways of dealing with the conflict and choose the best way according to the situation at hand. Discuss and reflect on the key features of employee relations in recent UK conflict situation of your choice Conflicts may arise among employees in an organization due to many features. Conflicts have different features depending on the type of conflict. An example of a conflict in employee relation in an organization may be: For the case whereby in a department where there are several employees and one employee does not to do some tasks just because they think that it is not right according to their culture to do some tasks. In this case the employee may be using others such that they are the ones that do most of the task. This case will lead to conflicts among the employees in the organization due to cultural differences. The conflict may be due to the fact that other employees feel that they are doing so much while they also have their cultures that they may be having and may want to follow. In this case this conflict may lead to many effects which may include reduced performance at the workplace and lack of cooperation among the employees. IN solving this kind of conflict, there are procedures that should be followed by managers to ensure that the conflicts are solved in harmony. One should also refer to the requirements of the organization by the employees. There should be rules that should be set to govern employees when it comes to cultural differences. Evaluate the effectiveness of procedures used in the chosen conflict situation, making recommendations for areas found lacking and identifying areas of good practice. Following the right procedure in solving the conflict in the situation above is very important for effective solving of the conflict. This is due to the fact that it is very important to understand the source of the conflict in order to know how to solve the conflict. The manager should understand the reason why the conflict arise which in this case is cultural differences and the condition leading to conflict situation in an organization. The manager then needs to assess the effect of the conflict to the organization. One should then identify he stage in the conflict process. With understanding all these one can then indentify the best way of dealing with the conflict which in this case will be negotiating. What I would recommend in this case is negotiating with the employee to change his habits in order to be able to relate with other employees well. The areas that might be lacking in this case are specifying the conduct of an employee as far as cultural differences is concerned. In this case the area of good practice would be that everyone should respect everyones culture and should compromise in some cases for the sake of the work involved.

The Toughest Decision of My Life Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

The Toughest Decision of My Life People are often asked the question, â€Å"If I could go back in time, what would I change?† But have you ever really thought about the answer to that question? What would you change or what would you keep the same? Accius, a character from Medea, said, â€Å"Change rules all things.† (II 118) I never realized how true this would be. When I look back in life, there are many things that I would change, but there is one decision that I am very thankful that I made. That was the decision to continue living with my grandparents and not to move in with my mother. It was a normal afternoon after school when I returned to my house after a busy day in sixth grade. My grandfather was busy preparing dinner in anticipation of my grandmother coming home from work. Soon my real mom came by to â€Å"have a serious discussion† about something. I had no idea that this â€Å"something† would be one of the hardest decisions I would ever have to make in my life. My real mom had just gotten a new apartment that had enough bedrooms that I could live there. It had never crossed my mind that moving in with her was the question with which she was going to confront me. Soon the topic came out when Mom said, â€Å"Sade, how would you like to come and live with me from now on?† This remark was the beginning of one of the hardest times in my life. I knew I had to make the right decision as Sophocles says, â€Å"Decide not rashly. The decision made, can never be recalled.† (Oedipus Rex 314) I was faced with the first choice of staying with my mother in her new home. Her home was in a location outside the limits of my school zone so I would have to start attending a different school... ...that I ever made. In the years that followed, my mom continued moving around and having off and on jobs. I would have never had a stable home and would be who knows where by now. I am now seventeen years old and don’t regret a single day spent in my grandparents’ house. They have cared for me like no one else could and I am very thankful for that. My mother and I have become closer than ever and we have a very happy relationship with each other. As Thomas Adams said, â€Å"What we obtain cheaply we esteem too lightly; it is dearness which gives everything its value.† (Sermons 14) Works Cited Adams, Thomas. Sermons. From the McMillan book of Quotes, Maxims, and Famous Phrases, 1948. Euripides, the Medea. Trans Philip Vellacott, London: Penguin Books, 1977. Sophocles, Oedipus Rex. Logan, Iowa: The Perfection Form Company. NDP.

Roper vs. Simmons

Roper vs. Simmons was one of the few cases in almost two decades to address whether it’s constitutional under the eighth and fourteenth amendments to execute a juvenile offender who was over the age of fifteen but under the age of eighteen when he/she committed a capital crime. In 1988, Thompson vs. Oklahoma banned the execution of minors who were sixteen years of age when they committed a capital crime. Another case, Stanford vs. Kentucky (1989), divided the court which eventually rejected that the Constitution excludes capital punishment for minors of this age group.Roper vs. Simmons overturned the decision in Stanford vs. Kentucky. Only seven countries in the past century have favored execution of minors convicted of capital crimes: Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Nigeria, China, and Congo. Before the case many Americans did not think that the execution of minors was considered cruel and unusual punishment if a capital crime was committed, but after the crime many Amer icans began to oppose it. Those seven countries have also, since then, prohibited these executions.Christopher Simmons was a junior in high school at the age of seventeen when he committed a pre-meditated murder. Around nine months after the crime was committed when he was eighteen years of age, he was tried in court and sentenced to death. Simmons discussed his plan to kill Shirley Crook with his two friends Charles Benjamin and John Tessemer (ages fifteen and sixteen at the time), resulting from a car accident involving Benjamin and Simmons. Simmons’ idea was to break in to Mrs. Crook’s home, tie her up, and drive her to a bridge where he would throw her off of to her death.Simmons was under the impression that he and his friends could get away with the crime because they were minors. The three boys met around 2:00 A. M. on the night the murder was committed (September 9th, 1993). Tessemer backed out before the other two boys went on their way (he was charged with co nspiracy at first, but the charges were dropped when he testified against Simmons). The two boys proceeded to enter the Crook home by reaching through an open window and unlocking their back door. Simmons turned on a hallway light, startling Mrs.Crook as she asked who was there. Simmons then entered her bedroom, recognizing her which he later said was his resolve to murder her. The two boys worked together and used duct tape to cover her eyes and mouth and bound her hands. They took her minivan to a state park, reinforced her bindings, and covered her head with a towel. They then walked to a railroad trestle over the Meramec River, tied her hands and feet together with electrical wire, and wraped her entire face with duct tape before they threw her into the waters below for her to drown.The afternoon of September 9th, 1993, Shirley’s husband, Steven Crook, returned from an overnight trip and was alarmed by the messy house he came home to without his wife there to welcome him. After he reported his wife missing, the same afternoon fisherman recovered the victim’s body form the Meramec River. Simmons apparently had been bragging to his friends about murdering Shirley saying he killed her â€Å"because the bitch seen my face†. The next day, police received information about Simmons’ involvement the crime and he was arrested at his high school in Fenton, Missouri.Simmons waived his right to an attorney and immediately agreed to answer questions. Before the second hour of questioning was over, Simmons had already confessed to murdering Shirley Crook and agreed to perform a video reenactment of the crime. Simmons’ excuse for the crime he claimed was to avoid his arrest for the recent car accident they both had been involved in. The State of Missouri charged Simmons with burglary, kidnapping, stealing, and murder in the first degree. Simmons was seventeen years of age at the time, but was tried as an adult.The State immediately soug ht the death penalty, after Shirley Crook’s husband, daughter and two sisters presented horrifying evidence on how much impact her death had already brought to their lives. Simmons’ mother, father, two half brothers, neighbor, and friend all pleaded on behalf of his mercy to the court. Simmons’ lawyer argued that his age should be considered a mitigating factor, but the jury still recommended the death penalty, and the trial judge decided to impose it. About 9 years after the Simmons’ case had completely run its course, in 2002 Atkins vs.Virginia prohibited the execution of a mentally retarded person, and Simmons’ tried to file a new petition for state postconviction relief, saying that this made the Constitution prohibit the execution of someone if the crime was committed when they were under 18. This was the second time Simmons had appealed; the first being when he claimed he had not received adequate assistance during the trial because additiona l information regarding his difficult home background, impulsivity, and being easily influenced by others was not presented to the judge (this appeal was rejected). They reviewed the Stanford vs.Kentucky case and agreed that it was no longer valid with influence of international opinion of execution of minors who had committed capital crimes. Justice Anthony Kennedy spoke for the State in March 2005 stating that execution of juveniles who committed crimes before they turned 18 was considered cruel and unusual punishment. Simmons’ death sentence was then set aside and they resentenced him to life in prison with no chance of parole, probation, or release without the Governor’s doing so personally. This case showed very well that the United States is fair to their accused criminals.The court showed this strongly when they thoroughly considered and thought out each appeal that Christopher made to them, and they thoroughly reviewed all of his rights as well. Any other adult would have received the death penalty without questioning, but Simmons got multiple opportunities that people over eighteen would not have gotten. It was surprising that Simmons won the appeal after the Atkins vs. Virginia case because he was not mentally retarded and couldn’t exactly relate to the case himself. Murder is murder, and Christopher should not have had as much mitigation because his crime was completely pre-meditated.

Education in Texas

Education in Texas Despite the fact that more students are likely to pursue higher education now, unlike ten years ago, the attainment of higher education credentials in Texas is still low.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Education in Texas specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Out of 883, 260 public school students in 8th grade, only 19.9% of these (175, 489) attained a certificate or degree program (National Center for Higher Education Management Systems report (NCHEMS), 2012. p. 2). Completion of education at this point is unlikely, and only slight improvements have been realized. This is likely to take a great toll on the American economy because there will be no qualified workers to compete in the global workforce (The National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education (NCPPHE), 2008). The poor higher education credential patterns have prompted the need to establish student characteristics because they may be influential factors. In comparison to the national trends in the pursuance of tertiary education, Texas is performing poorly. As a matter of fact, individuals will prefer to be enrolled in college in outside states, for example, Massachusetts, than in Texas (NCPPHE, 2008). Only one in five students that complete their eighth grade complete postsecondary education in 11 years (NCHEMS, 2012). More female students than male students enroll for postsecondary education (10% higher), but more male students than female students complete postsecondary education (NCHEMS, 2012, p. 4). Statistical reports for female progression in colleges in Texas versus the nation are 7.8% and 5.5%, respectively (NCHEMS, 2012, p. 7). Despite the fact that Texas performs well in relation to more females enrolling in higher education, the converse is the case for overall education credential as shown in the figure below.Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure obtained from NCHEMS (2012, p. 7) In Texas, enrollment in postsecondary institutions starts after 8th grade. Enrollment can be in a private or public college/university because these are the available postsecondary institutions. A high school diploma is not essential for one to enroll in postsecondary education. In a report by the National Center for Education Statistics (2010, p. 5), Texas was among those states with the highest number of Hispanics (36-45%). Given the wide disparities between enrollment and completion of postsecondary education among the white students (majority group) and minority groups, the high population of the minority population in Texas justifies the poor performance of education in Texas (NCHEMS, 2012). Despite disparities in data over time, Texas and Florida, perform poorly in collegiate graduation rates across all races and ethnicities in comparison with the nation (NCHEMS, 2012). It is the city with the largest p opulation in Texas, and attainment of education at tertiary institutions in Houston is equally low. In comparison with national data, higher education attainment rates in Texas based on race and ethnicity are lower (NCHEMS, 2012, p. 7).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Education in Texas specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the fact that the data presented are irrefutable, I somewhat tend to disagree with the grade (C-) given to Texas in completion of higher education due to the inconsistencies in data generation (NCPPHE, 2008, p. 18). The current databases may not be comprehensive because records may not exhaust all data, and especially, from private and proprietary education institutions. I can only hope that the situation improves given the fact that Texas is trying hard to invest in education and encourage more students to acquire postsecondary school credentials. The characteristics of students in todayâ₠¬â„¢s world are very different from those of students in earlier times. The world has become a global village with highly defined technology. Therefore, students are more competitive as each tries to establish his or her path of success, and lack of proper education to college/university means that one is not able to survive in the competitive world. Houston, Texas is well known for its thriving economy. However the same cannot be said about its education system in relation to the pursuance of tertiary education. In comparison to colonial times when education was not reinforced and was purely targeted at particular students in the preparation for high office jobs, students nowadays are all aware of the importance of education. The success in the current world is largely pegged on employment in high-paying jobs, and education is its fundamental component.Advertising Looking for report on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2010). Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Web. National Center for Higher Education Management Systems (NCHEMS). (2012). A New Measure of Educational Success in Texas: Tracking the Success of 8th Graders into and through College. Web. National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education (NCPPHE). (2008). Measuring Up 2008: The National Report Card on Higher Education. Web.

Willy Lomans Evaluation as a Tragic Hero essays

Willy Lomans Evaluation as a Tragic Hero essays In his essay Tragedy And The Common Man, playwright Arthur Miller offers a modern definition for tragedy and a new criteria for the tragic hero. Due to his underlying struggle...attempting to gain his rightful position in his society, Willy is a perfect example of Arthur Millers idea of a tragic hero (Tragedy 228).Willy exemplifies four aspects of Arthur Millers utopian tragic hero; he possesses a tragic flaw, he is degraded by society, his surroundings seem to conspire against him, and despite his hardships he struggles against the world to maintain his dignity. Tragic heroes are often characterized because they bear a tragic flaw. Willys obvious tragic flaw is his pride. He takes pride in everything he does, he even says, Call out the name Willy Loman and see what happens!, just to display to his sons how much pride he takes in his name (Death 62). His lifelong dream was to live the life of a salesman and to die the death of a salesman, and for people to recognize his name everywhere that he traveled (Death 81). He struggles with the reality that he was unsuccessful in completing his dream, and refuses to stop trying. He becomes indignant with his piers when they try to explain that he was a failure, for example when he says, I am not a cripple! (Death 84). He is in a sense crippled by his neglection to see reality and only to believe what he perceives as reality in his mind. His tragic flaw is a major component of his ability to become a tragic hero. Willy Loman is aging and losing his mental stability. This is clear to many of the people in his environment. They begin to conceive him as useless and degrade him to a lower standard in society. Willy refuses to realize that he deserves nothing more than to be considered with the same respect as any regular man. Arthur Miller says that Tragedy is a consequence of a mans total compulsi...

Community Parnerships Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Community Parnerships - Assignment Example Enough nurses will help improve the quality of our services and prevent scenarios of nurse frustration and burnout. My agency is also in need of a counsellor. According to Meier, Isaacs and Hughes, counselling is an important element in palliative care delivery (Meier, Isaacs & Hughes, 2010, Pg. 312). Counsellors will be charged with the role of providing supportive and confidential advice for patients as well as families that are facing the loss of their loved one. Most patients have raised the need to talk to someone, sometimes feel isolated, block their feelings, and have heightened anxiety with complicated family issues. These patients feel depressed. This is why we need community members who are professional counsellors to join Quality Care Agency and lend a hand in this modest task. We have also learned that there has been an increased attention to the religious dimension of our patients and families. Therefore, we request preachers from the community that are conversant with the patients’ religious beliefs to step forward. They will help integrate the spiritual beliefs of the patients into the overall plan of care. Preachers intervene in cases where patients feel that our services have evoked a conflict between medical treatment goals and patient values (Knapp, Madden & Fowler-Kerry, 2012, Pg. 235). Quality Care Agency is also in need of patient advocates. These are individuals that will aid in keeping abreast with any situations that may emerge after which they will build bridges (Alexander, Corrigan, Gorski, Hankins & Perucca, 2011, Pg. 36). This need arose after most of our clients wanted to know about the quality of services they are receiving. Part 2: One of the community partners that can help in satisfying our needs is Stafford Nursing School. This institution can assign some of their internship nurses to our organisation. We can also benefit with spiritual support from Full Gospel Church. RN Patient

Infantilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Infantilization - Essay Example This was an act of extending the legacy that was set by the Sykes-Picot treaty whose main intention was allowing them to govern the Muslim nations from far (Russo, 2013). However, this move did not go well for both Obama and Cameron as their nations as well as other world leaders such as Russia outright rejected their intentions; consequently, the west still is in dilemma on what best to do with the case in Syria. The geographical regions of the Persian, Arab and Turkish world that were set in 1917 have little resemblance with the current situation. The collapse of Ottoman Turks 400-year rule left an impoverished and backward Egypt, Arabia and Syria in which the current Palestine was a Syrian province. In contrast, the Arab nations are draining the western world coffers with the sale of millions of oil barrels. This has given them an economic capability to purchase the most advanced weaponry that rivals that in the western countries, and this has made these nations from the era of th e Sykes-Picot treaty to be military upright. Consequently, it is not clear why the Arab nations cannot make use of these arms to topple the tyrannical and homicidal leader like Assad. This shows clearly that the western nations have over-extended their patronage to the level of moral infantilization. If indeed the photos of the gassed children were something concrete to go by, the same reaction would have been elicited in Cairo, Riyadh or Istanbul. The silence of the leaders in the Muslim world indicates differing approach to world conflicts, and the same has been echoed by Chinese and Russian nations when they advocated complacency in dealing with the Syrian allegations (Russo, 2013). The use of Tomahawk missiles would bring solution to a government under the threat of being toppled by rebel groups. It will only make the problem worse for a war ravaged and decimated country. The western countries should allow the Arab nations to speak and solve their problems independently as no mi litary intervention can address these issues. The whine of cruise missiles should not be used as a precautionary tactic by the west as this creates the need for the Arab worlds to arm themselves in readiness for retaliatory attacks. To overcome these tribulations, the Arab world has to develop a loud moral voice to silence the western nations, and in this way, they will be in charge of their destiny while achieving peaceful resolutions. After the death of Kim Jong II’s the western media displayed footages of people crying, which in a way was meant to be negative publicity since it was possible to show people praising his leadership. Thus showing the North Korea populace in emotional distress was just meant to further the infantilization of the nation. This has created a situation where the current regime appeals are to emotions of already infantilized people. This culture has helped North Korea to weather down the economic crisis and to improve the loyalty of its citizen (Kiv ima?ki, 2012). The North Korea media recently released stamps commemorating Kim Jong II former North Korean leader who would have turned 72 if he were still alive. The stamps showing the deceased leaders as a child indicated stern and creepy motives, and this move was part of a larger plan to continue infantilizing Kim after his death in the late 2011. In the same light, the state media has continued to play Kim’

Compare the scandal involving President Clinton with Nixon's Research Paper

Compare the scandal involving President Clinton with Nixon's Watergate. What were the key similarities and differences - Research Paper Example In June 1995, a scandal began during the latter half of his second term involving Monica Lewinsky, 21, who came to the White House as an unpaid intern in the office of White House Chief of Staff, Leon Panetta. In November 1995, she got involved in a sexual relationship with President Clinton. Barely a month into the relationship, Lewinsky was moved to a paid position in the Office of Legislative Affairs, handling letters from members of Congress. She frequently ferried mail to the Oval Office. Around April, 1996, Lewinsky was transferred to a job as an assistant to Pentagon spokesman Ken Bacon, by Evelyn Lieberman who was then the Deputy White House Chief of Staff. Lieberman told the New York Times later that the move was due to â€Å"inappropriate and immature behavior† and that Lewinsky demonstrated a lack of attention to work. At the Pentagon, Lewinsky met Linda Tripp, a career government employee. Around summer 1996, Lewinsky began telling Tripp during casual conversations about her relationship with President Clinton. Tripp reported these conversations to literary agent Lucianne Goldberg, who advised her to secretly record them. Tripp convinced Lewinsky to save the gifts she received from the President and the dress that got stained during one of her sexual encounters. About a year later, in the fall of 1997, when the relationship was over, Tripp secretly began taping the conversations with Lewinsky in which she explicitly talked about her alleged affair. Around October 1997, Tripp, with help from Lucianne Goldberg, met with Newsweek’s Michael Isikoff, Kucianne & Jonah Goldberg at Jonah’s apartment in Washington, where they listened to a tape with the Tripp/Lewinsky conversation. In October 1997, Lewinsky interviewed with U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., Bill Richardson for a low level public affairs position in New York. She was offered a job but she declined. In early December that year, Lewinsky left the Pentagon. Later that month, Bett ie Currie, President Clinton’s personal secretary, got in touch with Vernon Jordan, a friend of Clintons, to place Lewinsky in New York. Vernon Jordan obliged and introduced Lewinsky to several leads. Lewinsky allegedly had over 9 sexual encounters with the President in the Oval Office during the period between November 1995 and March 1997. On December 17, 1997, Lewinsky was subpoenaed by lawyers for Paula Jones, who was suing the President on sexual harassment charges. She submitted an affidavit in which she declared that she never had any sexual relationship with the President. She also, allegedly attempted to persuade Tripp to lie under oath in the Jones case. Tripp, instead, gave the tapes to Kenneth Starr, who was the Independent Counsel investigating the Whitewater & Paula Jones case. Lewinsky made her final visit to the White House on December 28, 1997, when she and the President had a private meeting. During this meeting, the President allegedly encouraged Lewinsky to be as evasive as possible in her responses to any of the questions in the Jones’ lawsuit. On January 16th 1998, Kenneth Starr contacted United States Attorney General, Janet Reno, seeking permission to expand his probe to investigate possible impropriety on the part of the President. The Attorney General gave her consent and submitted a request to a panel of three Federal judges. The judges agreed to allow Kenneth Starr to formally investigate the possibility of subornation of perjury and obstruction of justice

Hallstead Case Essay Example for Free

Hallstead Case Essay 1.)The breakeven point in number of sales has risen along with the breakeven point in sales dollars from 2003 to 2006. The margin of safety has decreased as well. Every year they have to increase the number of sales tickets then the previous year to meet their breakeven point. After 2004 when expansion of the store begun, Hallstead’s fixed cost have grown each year. The decrease from 2004 to 2006 is far less substantial than from 2003 to 2004. This damage is cause by the stores expansion. It is renting a much larger space down the street from its previous location. This has incurred much lager expenses each year then in than prior to 2004. 2.)Yes, the company’s income would increase. The new breakeven point in sales dollars would be approximately $6.03 million. 3.)Eliminating sales commission would have a huge effect on the breakeven volume. If they follow through with Gretchen’s idea of eliminating sales commission their expenses would decrease a great deal each year. They would not have to make nearly as many sales to breakeven. Although this could have an adverse effect on the sales volume. Employees will not be nearly as aggressive in making sales because it will not affect their personal income. Employees could act disapprovingly towards this new measure, affecting the bottom line negatively in the long run. 4.)If Hallstead added an additional $200,000 to advertising each year they would have to increase the sales volume considerably, that’s if they decide not to do away with sales commission. 5.)Average sales would have to increase over $24 to break even if fixed costs remained the same. 6.)I would recommend that Hallstead Jewelers listen to the consultant that suggested price reduction to increase sales. I believe this would be a smart move because with the new store they have room for more sales then the previous location so upping sales numbers is an important step. If reducing sales doesn’t help improve the bottom line, I would then suggest that they eliminate sales commission. Although this as been an important part of business, eliminating sales commission would greatly decrease their yearly expense. I think adding advertising after their recent move is extremely important. Although it is a $200,000 expense, it could increase sales significantly. These are my suggestions for Hallstead Jewelers

Y2K Bug :: essays research papers

Y2K – The Big Issue Abstract and Executive Overview What is the Y2K issue? This paper will describe the problems associated with Y2K and how Industry, Government, and Small Businesses are handling the problem. The first chapter introduces the Y2K issues. Chapter 2 will define how this affects the different businesses and Government agencies. Chapter 3 will develop an overall plan on how to attack the problem and recommendations. The majority of this paper will develop a plan on how each of the businesses and Government agencies should attack the Y2K problems. There should be a logical approach to planning how to investigate, test, validate, and if required, develop a contingency plan for Y2K. The job is to either form a team of personnel or hire a consulting firm to assess your situation. The team should employ the following steps: assess the system, renovate the system if necessary, validate the renovation if necessary, implement the renovation if necessary, test the renovation if necessary, and finally have a contingency plan in the event that renovating the system is not feasible and/or is too late. The only necessary or required action is to assess the system. This will be discussed in detail in my paper. The real issue is that less than a year remains before the year 2000 problems are here. The recommendation is to begin working this issue now. It may be too late, but that is when the contingency plan comes in handy. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. What are the Y2K Issues? 2. What impacts are they’re to Government, Industry, and Small Business? 3. What can Government, Industry, and Small Business Do to Combat the Y2K Issues? 4. Recommendation 5. References 6. Glossary Chapter 1 What are the Y2K Issues? There are actually more dates than just the year 2000 date. There are dates that can impact the leap year algorithms; Julian dates, fiscal year dates, calendar dates, and ASCII code dates. The top dates that need to be checked are: 1. 9 September 1999. This date can be read in code as 9999. In computer language, specifically ASCII code, this translates into a request for the processor to stop processing. 2. 1 October 1999. This is the start of the new Fiscal year for the Government (FY00). The algorithm for this may not be able to go from FY99 to FY00. 3. 31 December 1999.

High School and School Counseling Interventions Essay

Introduction and rationale for the research In the fields of counseling, education, and psychology, there has been a strong emphasis placed on evidence-based practices to determine the effectiveness of school counseling interventions. In this article, two types of Meta-Analysis interventions were used during this study. Meta-Analysis 1 involved treatment-control comparisons and Meta-Analysis 2 involved pretest-posttest differences. The overall average weighted effect size for school counseling interventions was . 30. This study determined how effective moderator variables influenced effect size of, guidance curriculum, individual planning, responsive services, and system support. Analyses of moderator variables are designed to determine the effectiveness of school counseling program activities in this article. Major strengths/weaknesses in the article The overall school counseling interventions produced an average effect size of . 30 which is significant. However, in this article, the average effect size of Meta-Analysis 2 intervention was not significant, only . 07. Previously research has found that meta- analyses using pretest-posttest typically produces a higher effect size compared to the more traditional treatment-control group comparisons. It’s difficult to determine the non-significant mean effect size for pretest-posttest meta-analysis. Additional analyses in the pretest and posttest form will need to focus on specific interventions and additional information regarding the effectiveness of specific strategies in school counseling. One of the common criticism of meta-analytic approaches is that studies with weak methodological rigor may artificially inflate average effect sizes(M. W. Lipsey,2003). M. W. Lipsey (2003) also argued that methodological moderator variables that often are assumed to be independent are not necessarily independent and carefully conducted meta-analytic reviews should explore methodological relationship patterns. The effect size of . 30 was based on 117 experimental studies that involved 153 interventions, which is a significant increase from the six studies used by Sprinthall (1981). Many more studies were conducted with elementary school students; however, school counseling interventions included in this meta-analysis appeared to be slightly more effective with middle or junior high students followed by high school students. Thus, these studies show a significant effect on school counseling interventions for all levels of K-12 education. There are also some limitations when meta-analytic techniques are used. The validity of effect size largely depends on the quality of studies that were included in the review. Some major limitations in school counseling research could not be addressed statistically. Also there are few studies that address the issues of treatment integrity. Only a handful of studies used treatment manuals or well-developed curricula. It was difficult for researches to determine what was effective because researchers could not determine what interventions were implemented with students. Another limitation was the elimination of 111 studies that had insufficient data or missing information. Another limitation from this article concerns the dominance of non-standardized outcome assessments in school counseling research. Meta-analysis also lacked long-term follow-up data. The lack of longitudinal data allows for the measurement and analysis of only short-term effectiveness. Another issue with meta-analysis research is that interventions focused mostly on specific interventions rather than comprehensive school counseling programs. There has been very few research studies conducted on comprehensive school counseling programs. Summary of research outcome.  There were 118 studies that used meta-analysis 1, involving treatment-control comparisons and 153 school interventions; however, two studies were considered one study because of the same simple. Out of the 117 studies, 81 were published in journals and 36 were theses or dissertations. This meta-analysis study had 16,296 participants and the sample ranged from 8 to 5, 618, with the average study involving 139. 28 participants. From these studies, 50. 4% were elementary school students, 17. 9% were middle or junior high school students, and 24. 8% were high school students, and 6% had a mixture of ages, and one study did not report the age of the student participants. There was an overall weighted effect size of 27% for students that received school counseling intervention compared to those students that did not receive school counseling intervention. The average effect size was significant. Also, there were a total of 33studies that used meta-analysis 2, involving pretest-posttest design; however, two effect sizes were eliminated from one study. Therefore, 31 studies that involved 51 school counseling interventions were used. The effect sizes calculated from these 31 studies involved 2,015 participants and the average study involving 62. 97 students and the sample ranged from 9 to 283. Out of the 31 studies, 17 were published in journals, 13 were theses or dissertations, and one study was an ERIC document. From these studies, 29% involved elementary school students, 12. 9% were middle or junior high school students, and 54. 8% were high school students, and 3. 2% had a mixture of ages and grade levels. There was only a . 07% weighted effect size on pretest and posttest meta-analysis which indicates the average effect size was not significant. Two methods of applying this research to practice Firstly, my goal as an aspiring school counselor is to implement a comprehensive school counseling program for all students. I would provide a variety of interventions and activities using the four components of the delivery system of a school counseling program, guidance curriculum, individual student planning, responsive services, and system support. I would then, conduct studies in my school, collecting data, and determine which services students and the school will benefit from the most. This will help me determine what type of programs and activities are most effective for our students and school. Secondly, I would consider taking additional research courses to prepare me to contribute to the knowledge base of school counseling, while conducting research projects related to school counseling. Simply, there needs to be more and better research in the area of school counseling. â€Å"Without additional empirical support, some schools may eliminate professional school counseling programs†(Erford, p 68). Conclusion. From this research on meta-analyses not all school counseling interventions were equally effective. Additional research is needed to examine the impact these studies had on students from diverse backgrounds. Although more research is often a recommendation after completing a meta-analysis (e. g. , Ehri et al. , 2001; Swanson, 1999; Whiston, Brecheisen,& Stephens, 2003; Xin, Grasso, Dipipi-Hoy, & Jitendra, 2005), we contend that lack of methodological rigor and dearth of studies make the calls for additional sound research in school counseling particularly important. Also, the issues of treatment integrity and increasingly use standardized outcome assessments will enhance future school counseling interventions. From this study, one would learn that additional research is needed, however, from this research; data shows that school counseling interventions have a positive effect size on student outcomes. Furthermore, there were significant effect sizes for interventions at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. School counselors’ were able to increase students’ ability to solve problems while decreasing discipline problems. However, the researchers were unable to identify specific programs or approaches that produce positive outcomes. Additional research is needed to address what interventions for school counseling works, with what students, and under what circumstances. References Erford, B. T. (2011). Transforming the school counseling profession (3rd Ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Whiston, Tai, Rahardja, and Eder. (Winter 2011 Volume 89). School Counseling Outcome: A Meta-Analytic Examination of Interventions. Journal of Counseling.