How Does Popular Culture Stereotype Latinos - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2401 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Culture Essay Level High school Topics: Pop Culture Essay Did you like this example? Looking around us today, major stereotypes are continuously prevalent in society. Stereotypes are peoples fixed ideas or beliefs about the characteristics of a particular group. Thanks to American popular culture, stereotypes are more widespread than ever. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Does Popular Culture Stereotype Latinos" essay for you Create order Popular culture has a strong role in Americas communities and even peoples lifestyles alone. Specifically, one of the many ethnic groups that have fallen victim to popular culture stereotypes would be Latinos. Popular culture has had an everlasting effect on how Americans perceive Latinos, and even how Latinos perceive themselves. The overall general public places Latinos into stereotypes and paradigms because of what popular culture presents them with, in avenues such as film and television. It is clear to see that popular culture defines what is common or normal in American society. The bias and stereotypes of Latinos is ubiquitous throughout American popular culture, and it has effected how people perceive them to be. Within the different avenues of American popular culture, Latino stereotypes are commonly seen in films and television. The stereotypes have not only affected how people view them, but it has also created different types of Latinos that are deemed to exist. The different stereotypes of Latinos in film and television range from the overly sexual character, drug trafficker, to the illegal immigrant. These are examples of the negative stereotypes that compose the image of Latinos in society. Unfortunately, the negative stereotypes are what Americans believe to be true about all Latinos. The negative stereotype of Latinos is the belief of what most of America has characterized Latinos to be, because of the negative depictions shown throughout the many channels of popular culture. The stereotypical paradigms have even affected family social interactions within many Latino households. They have also affected how Latinos handle the negative stereotypes. A study conducted by Rivadeneyra in the Journal of Adolescent Research asked Latino youth to watch clips from television shows, and to report if they felt the roles of Latinos were accurate or stereotypical. The study found that, if one does not fit this description, then the only alternative that many young Latinos see is to accept the stereotypes perpetuated by white Americans (Rivas Saenz, 5). The frequent exposure of the negative stereotype portrayals affects Latino youth in such a way that can lower their sense of racial self-esteem. It also affects their sense of individuality within their culture, because p opular culture groups all Latinos into one group. Moreover, popular culture doesnt take into consideration how many different cultures exist thought the Latino community. People neglect to remember how many different cultural groups are out there, from Puerto Ricans to Colombians. Non-Hispanics tend to assign one culture to any Latino they see, like saying they are Mexican, even though the non-Hispanics know they are not the only cultural group belonging to the Latino community. When Latinos constantly experience this stereotype, they eventually give up on correcting those who do this to them. This forces them to revert to accepting what people see them as and not who they are. Time after time, movies have negatively characterized Latinos. Hollywood movies are a big part of popular culture. Fictional characters are mainly presented as uneducated, living lives filled with violence, and this portrays the belief that this is the only way to achieve the Latin American Dream. The Latin American Dream refers to the idea of Latinos reaching a higher socioeconomic status through alternative pathways (Rivas Saenz, 6). A prime example of this cultural appropriation would be the movie Scarface, in which it depicts the roles of Cuban-Americans who are drug dealers. Movies such as this, show the viewers that for the Latino community to gain success they must bypass laws or human morals to do so. As stated before, the negative portrayals in media causes the Latino youth to see themselves in that negative light. Furthermore, they dont perceive themselves as having worth and value, instead as constituents of a subordinate group within American society (Rivas Saenz , 7). They begin to believe the negative depictions to be true. The constant subjectivity of these negative views seems to be a justification for the youth to separate themselves from their culture. Not only is the misrepresentation seen in movies, but it is also seen in television shows. It has been one of the front-runners in the subordination of Latinos. The popularity of television plays a major role in the depictions of Latinos. Television show creators have forced negative traits on Latino characters. Those of which include, being uneducated, unmotivated, poverty-stricken, lazy, criminals, and as people who appear only to work jobs such as maids, janitors, or gardeners (Rivas Saenz, 8). Among many other minorities, Latinos have stereotypes that have maintained their position throughout television. An example of a television show that showcases Latino stereotypes would be The George Lopez Show, where there is a distinct portrayal that upholds the standards of the Latino bias. The overpowering atmosphere of American popular culture has played a major role in the way Latino Americans are portrayed than they have been before. In the article, Latino Portrayals in the Media, it discusses the representation of Latinos seen in primetime media. Even though there has been greater representation of Latinos in the media, there is still a negative effect on the Latino community. For a long time, Latinos have not only been portrayed negatively through stereotypes but hey have also been largely ignored and excluded from most American Media (Latino Portrayals in the Media). A study conducted by the Annenberg School of Cultural Communicators Project, found that between 1969 to 1978 only 2.5% of mainstream television characters were Latinos. This percentage is not far off from what it reflects today and compared to other minorities, they are still notably behind. Another study by The Center for Media and Public Affairs in Washington D.C. has shown that Latinos have b een in the 2% range for the past thirty years (Latino Portrayals in the Media). When Latinos are in the different forms of media, a certain type of Latino is represented. For example, someone with darker features, tanner skin, and an accent. This overlooks the diversity in the Latino community that is included under the umbrella term Hispanic. There is a lack of range represented of the community in the media. A major issue that has been created by stereotypes is the lack of diversity. Popular culture has presented one cohesive community that ultimately suppresses the different cultures within the actual Latino community. Even though Latinos are considered a minority community, in reality not all Latinos are fond of each other or share similar values. Due to this, its difficult for this community to unite to fight the created labels and false cultural propaganda that work against them (Latino Portrayals in the Media). Although this has been a road block for many Latinos, others have seen this as a way to affirm their own history and position in the U.S. This is very important to them, because they want to make it clear that not all Latinos are immigrants. Many are second, third generation and beyond other Americans who are wholly assimilated and have rights and rightly insist on asserting their rights (Latino Portra yals in the Media). In other words, they believe it is unfair to immediately group them in to the immigrant stereotype, and that they also have rights as much as any other American does. Another rising issue created by stereotyping has affected Latinos sexuality by being labeled as being seductive or having many children because of being impoverished. This is just one of many stereotypes popular culture has created. The stereotypes have remained defining and demeaning characteristics for more than a century and still exist today. The author Charles Ram? ­rez Berg of Latino Images In Film finds that Latino images in the media contains six basic stereotypes: el bandido, the harlot, the male buffoon, the female clown, the Latin lover, and the dark lady. El bandido is stereotypically the Mexican bandit in numerous Westerns and adventure films. An example of this would be at the beginning of Raiders of the Lost Ark, where the bandidos are the two guides that betrayed Indiana Jones. These characters are displayed as dirty and under kept, irrational and quick to resort to violence. Theyre inability to speak English or speaking English with a heavy accent is filmmakings way of showing their feeble intellect (Berg, 68). Hollywood characterizes them as having little brain power. In todays Hollywood films, el bandido is seen in two variants: the Latin American gangster or drug runner and the inner -city gang member. The female version to el bandido is the harlot, who is primarily characterized as lusty, hot-tempered, and doesnt know what to do without a man. For example, the character of Angelica in Six Days, Seven Nights, as soon as the pilot (Harrison Ford) leaves she is lost without him. Her character is a prime example of a stereotype blend between the harlot and the female buffoon. To continue, one of the other stereotypes is the male buffoon. These characters can be found in television shows like Pancho in The Cisco Kid, Sergeant Garcia in Walt Disneys Zorro series, and Ricky Ricardo in I Love Lucy. This stereotype is said to be simpleminded, unable to master English. What is funny about this character, what audiences are given to laugh at, are the very characteristics that separate him from Hollywoods vision of the WASP American mainstream (Berg, 72). This is Hollywoods attempt of making an old stereotype relevant again by turning the character into a comic. The female clown is the equivalent of the Latino male buffoon and exemplifies a common devices that the Hollywood narrative employs to neutralize the screen Latinas sexuality (Berg, 73). Charles Ram? ­rez Berg argues that this is a necessary role because the hero must have a reason to reject the Latina for the Anglo woman, to which maintains the WASP status quo. Films show how Hollywood narrative s often imply that Anglos should only be with those of their ethnicity. Another stereotype found in films and television is the Latin lover. This character is deemed to have the qualities of a sexuality that makes them capable of making a sensuous but dangerous brand of love (Berg, 76). The Latin lover has continuously been seen played by a number of Latin actors like Antonio Banderas in films like Never Talk to Strangers. Like how Latina women have been subjected to the sexpot stereotype Latino men have often been sexualized in the media as the Latin lover. The last stereotype the author mentioned was the dark lady. This stereotype is said to be the female Latin lover, where she is virginal, inscrutable, and aristocratic. According the author, there is a way to check for stereotypes called the stereotype communication test. This is practiced by substituting the role being analyzed with another ethnicity, and if the role can be played well enough then theres most likely no stereotyping occurring. On the other hand, if no other ethnicity can play the role just as well then it probably involves stereotypical traits of the cultural group. There have been films made that went against stereotypes, whose characters are portrayed appropriately even though filmmaking relies on stereotypes. Furthermore, there has been a growing number of Latino filmmaker who continue to break through the stereotyping paradigm of filmmaking. Alongside film and television reflecting a negative portrayal of Latinos, the medias pervasive stereotypes of Latinos also prevail. In the manuscript The Negative Effects of Mass Media Stereotypes of Latinos and Immigrants, the authors Tyler Reny and Sylvia Manzano express how public opinion reflects the medias stereotypes of Latinos and immigrants. They believe that these stereotypes make it hard to believe that America is supposed to be an inclusive, multiracial democracy or so called the melting pot. We find convincing evidence that non-Latinos attribute both negative and positive stereotypes to Latinos and immigrants, and that news and entertainment media can shape public opinion about Latinos and immigrants in a variety of ways (Reny Manzano, 195). It is very common to see media coverage of Latino immigrants that is in a negative light, full of stereotypes, and highly dramatized. Withering public support, loud opposition, and negative stereotypes firmly contribute to popul ar discourse. Coverage of Latinos and immigrants focuses almost mainly on the negative events like undocumented immigrants and lacks important content. The authors believe that since Americans are usually not fully knowledgeable about issues concerning Latinos or immigrants, they formulate their opinions based on what popular culture presents them with. Given that Americans are poorly informed about issues of immigration, media can play a large role in constructing the metaphors by which Americans come to understand demographic change, immigration, and Latinos (Reny Manzano, 197). The study conducted by the authors involved asking respondents to think about films and television show and to recall the roles they often seen played by Latinos. The top three answers were criminal or gang member, gardener, and maid. The more familiar the respondents were with Latinos, the less likely they were to believe the stereotypes in the media. Looking first at media and positive stereotypes, respondents wh o were exposed to positive primes were more likely to agree that positive stereotypes applied to Latinos than those who were exposed to negative primes (Reny Manzano, 206). News channels has one of the strongest effects in shaping attitudes about Latinos and immigrants. For instance, people who watch and trust more conservative media are more likely to agree with negative stereotypes than those who watch and trust liberal media. People will usually cater to outlets that uphold their beliefs to look for information that supports them. Thus, this is why the media has such a strong hold on priming the way people perceive others in society. The negative depictions shown throughout the different outlets of popular culture has led America to believe these stereotypes of Latinos. Popular culture grasps stereotypes by the neck and forces society to believe them to be true. Latinos are just one of the many minorities that have been affected by stereotypes. Latinos are not the only victims of stereotyping; these groups are not to be forgotten: LGBTQ, Native Americans, African Americans, Asians and Asian Americans, the working class, the poor, immigrants, women, and so on. Human thinking is heavily reliant on the images popular culture presents. These images and metaphors are the mental building blocks with which humans make sense of their social world.

The Conflict Of The Arab Israeli Conflict - 1420 Words

Many words have been devoted to the topic of Israel and the underlying causes of the Arab-Israeli conflict; all of which seek to discern the culprit and contrive a remedy. The story behind this age old conflict is, as quoted by Israeli historian Illan Pappe, â€Å"the simple but horrific story of the ethnic cleansing of Palestine† (qtd. In â€Å"The Catastrophe†). As such, thorough review of the causes behind this ethnocentric conflict is vital in understanding the tumultuous power struggle in Israel and the violent instability of the region as a whole. While many believe the conflict is of a religious dispute, in actuality it is not. The fundamental basis behind this conflict is territory and its allocation between the Arab Palestinian people and the Israeli Jews (Beinin, Hajjar 1). For centuries the two peoples lived in peace, though each viewed the presence of the other as an antagonistic and unfavorable one. The rise of Zionism in the 19th century coupled with unlaw ful western meddling in Palestinian affairs, and the resulting Palestinian Holocaust which followed Israeli Independence are the main underlying causes which fueled the conflict up to the present day atrocities currently taking place in Israel today. Before proceeding, it is necessary to first briefly examine the competing claims to the land which will henceforth be identified as Palestine or Israel. Israel was originally known as Canaan and inhabited by a multitude of Canaanite tribes. In 586 B.C the Hebrew peoplesShow MoreRelatedThe Arab-Israeli Conflict1427 Words   |  6 PagesThe Arab-Israeli dispute is among the centermost issues facing the Middle East today. The conflict itself has spawned a number of wars, myriad militant skirmishes, and several embargos, as well as a lasting peace between Israel and a number of its former opponents. The conflict today is waged primarily between Israelis and the Arab Palestinians that inhabit Israeli territory. The Arab-Israeli dispute is rooted in the separate movements of Zionism and Arab-nationalism. Zionism is an historical movementRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to an apocryphal story, Pope John Paul once said that he believes there are two possible solutions to the Arab-Israeli conflict, the realistic and the miraculous. The realistic being divine intervention, and the miraculous being a voluntary agreement by both parties. On September 13th, 1993, it looked like the miraculous had happened when the Oslo Accords were signed by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat on the White HouseRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict883 Words   |  4 PagesMy chosen subteam for this negotiation is based on a Fundamentalist Christians opinion. As I had the chance to learn previously, Christians fully support the relocation of Jews in this conflict. This is because one of the main roots of the Arab-Israeli Conflict starts by  the Movement of Zionism. The Bible is interpreted by man y religions in many different ways, however the Christian Zionists belief in a series of Biblical Philosophies and Prophecies. Some of this prophecies are events that have alreadyRead MoreArab Israeli Conflict 883 Words   |  4 Pages1.1 WHAT IS THE ARAB ISRAELI CONFLICT? The Arab-Israeli conflict is a hotly contested issue both in the Middle East and the broader global community.1 The modern conflict is essentially a dispute over the area known up until 1948 as Palestine, which is considered holy to all three major monotheistic religions.2 The primary parties in the conflict are Israeli (formerly Zionist) Jews and Palestinian Arabs (who are predominately Muslim).3 It is one of the unresolved problems bequeathed to the regionRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict And Arab Palestinian Conflict3221 Words   |  13 PagesThe  Arab–Israeli conflict  is the political and military conflict between the nation of Israel and specific Arab countries. The Arab–Israeli conflict began in the late 19th century as a result of the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism. The two sides have fought over land that both parties regard as their holy land. The Jews looked to reclaim the land promised to them by God after their escape from slavery in Egypt. The Arabs, who already resided on and owned the land, looked to maintain their ownershipRead MoreThe Arab Israeli Conflict Of Palestine Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe Arab-Israeli conflict began in 1948, when the British Mandate over Palestine ended. Resulting in the proclamation that established the Jewish state in Eretz Israel. The conflict was a struggle between the Jewish state or Israel and the Arabs of the Middle East concerning the territory and control over Palestine. The geographical area and political status of Palestine has changed dramatically over the years, but the region as always been considered Holy Land. This Holy Land is sacred among theRead MoreThe Arab-Israeli Conflict Essay1856 Words   |  8 Pages Your Name Pol 340-01 March 20, 2008 Term Paper The Arab- Israeli Conflict The Arab- Israeli Conflict is a conflict between the Arab and Jewish people in the Middle East over Israel and Palestine. This conflict has led to wars and millions of displaced people. This particular conflict has historical origins in the lives of the Arab and Jewish people. â€Å"The beginning of Zionism and the Arab-Israeli Conflict explain the basic principles of this complicated dispute†(Frankel 17)Read MoreThe Arab-Israeli Conflict Essays649 Words   |  3 Pages The current conflict in the Middle East between the Israeli Jews and the Palestinian Arabs has many historical roots. Several events in the history of this conflict have been very important and also have a strong connection with the current situation between the two sides. One of these important events was the Nazi Holocaust. During the Second World War the Jews were persecuted by the Nazis and sent to concentration camps. By the end of the war in 1945 6 million JewsRead More The Arab-Israeli Conflict Essay1311 Words   |  6 Pages The Arab-Israeli Conflict The Arab Israeli conflict has gone on for many years. There have been many wars, terrorist attacks and peace treaties between Israel and the Arab countries. Through war and Treaties Israel has gained and lost alot of land. There have been 4 major wars between Israel and The Arab countries, as well as terrorist attacks. The reason for many of these attacks include land, claim of the country and anti-semitisem. Israel which is only 8,000 squareRead MoreArab-Israeli Conflict Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pages Arab-Israeli Conflict During the First World War (1914-1918), Britain met with problems concerning promises made, yet not being kept. Britain, knowing that it needed all the help it could get against the German allies, promised land to people who desperately wanted it. However, as it was revealed Britain had no intention of honouring their word. The first promise to be made was to the Arabs, in a desperate attempt to overpower one of the countries the British were

The Trouble with Geniuses free essay sample

The Trouble with Geniuses Part One: Although both Chris Langen and Robert Oppenheimer were both geniuses, Oppenheimer had better life chances and more opportunities than did Chris Langan. Oppenheimer was born in a wealthy and well-known family and was in an upper social class. Therefore he had a richer cultural capital than Chris Langan because his parents taught him how to deal with adults and how to assert himself. They also encouraged him to take chances. For instance, when he has an opportunity to be a speaker at the New York Mineralogical Club, he was afraid and did not want to do it, but his father encouraged him to take the challenge. His parents encouraged and help Oppenheimer to prosper and grow and develop his genius. On the other hand, Chris Langan was born into a poor family, therefore in a lower social class than Oppenheimer, and was a college drop out. We will write a custom essay sample on The Trouble with Geniuses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He had little life chances, only working in low-paying jobs such as construction and a bouncer and night clubs. He had the opportunity to go to Reed College. However, due to some circumstances, his scholarship was revoked and the school cut him off of any financial means for college. This caused him to drop out of Reed and he recieved all Fs on his transcript, even though he had straight As at the beginning of the term. When he attended Montant State University, he requested to move from an early class to an afternoon class, due to car problems. He was denied the request because of his poor grades at Reed College. Oppenheimer was also treated differently than Langan. When he tried to poison his tutor, Oppenheimer was left off with probation and had to see a psychiatrist. If Langan was to do the same, he would face much harsher punishments due to his different social class. Langan and his brothers had a very different cultural capital than Oppenheimer did. He and his brothers were taught to hate authority figure, therefore Chris Langan did not know how to interact with adults. He could not even have a conversation with his calculus intructor who did not realize his brilliance in calculus. Different social classes teach children different cultural capital. In turn, those cultural capitals affects the life chances that children encounter. Part Two: Parents influence their children in very many ways. Parents encourage desired behaviors and talents while discouraging those that are undesirable not necessarily to the children, but to the parents and adults in the real world. Desired behaviors are rewarded while undesirable traits and behaviors are met with punishment of some form. Our parents taught us how to be independent and to do things for ourselves. It was an advantage in that we dont need to depend on other people to get things done and we dont need to wait for an opportunity. This independence taught us to work hard for ourselves and to take charge of our own education and life. Part Three: Cutting music and art programs creates a large gap between opportunities for wealther children and lower class children. Children whose parents do not have the financial means to afford private art and music lessions have a greater disadvantage because they do not have the opportunities and resources to cultivate their talents. They could be the next Picasso, but because they did not have the means to express their genius and cultivate their talent, it never gets discovered. Only a very few lucky children will be able to prosper in their talents. Schools should provide another means of art and music classes. For instance, they could have clubs where children can pay a small fee to cover the costs of supplies and raise fundraisers as well, so the clubs are not totally funded by the schools. This story refutes the notion that a persons success/failure is solely a personal choice and effort because peoples success mainly relies on who and what they know, the opportunities that are handed to them and their financial means. A poor genius such as Chris Langan was never discovered because he did not have the credentials of going to school because of his financial situation whereas Robert Oppenheim was discovered because his parents were wealthy and put their son out there to be more known. A persons success also depends on his or her parents and how they are raised and the social/economic environment they were raised in.

Digital Forensic for Computer Crimes †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theDigital Forensic for Computer Crimes. Answer: Introduction Computer Crimes Crime is conduct that when done affects another party disadvantageously and could lead to punishment when the prosecution is undertaken. In concern to computer crimes, there exists a difficulty that comes up during the trial. The computer crimes or digital crimes make it a habit of not breaking some of the laws put down in the enforcement. The laws existing in the judiciary are not that advance to issue punishment to these offenders if not followed critically. With this in mind, the judicial proceedings put in ideas from the traditional prosecution systems. Some of the ways that this method is applied is in relation to some criminal offenses that include burglary and fraud. These crimes, when analyzed properly, can provide the means to coming up with judgment on digital crimes. In spite of the application of traditional criminal laws, the technology in computers is also developing. The computers are becoming more advanced in hiding information and tracing their uses even more challen ging(Daniel, 2012). Findings Criminal Law In this branch of law, the crime committed is viewed as interference to the normal proceedings of the society. Whenever one is said to have committed a crime, the judicial decisions could lead to a jail term. The guilty party is forced to take time for rehabilitation. Another end game is the provision of probation to the guilty party. This act is known to give verdicts that punish severely. The severe punishment is to make the offender learn from the mistakes done to prevent the future happening of the same crime. The decisions also lead to disciplining of law breakers(Andrew Jones, 2011). The suspect under scrutiny first needs to be proven guilty or innocent. This scrutiny is done by a jury in court. The jury has to see the offender as guilty without any doubt for the verdict to be guilty. To make the jury believe the evidence and come with a guilty verdict, the prosecutor employs the use of testifying individuals(Garrison, 2010). These testifications should be able to link the law breaker to the crime directly. In spite of the window of nailing criminals using proving parties, the offender can also get away scot free. In criminal law. The crime is grouped into two. These groupings include the felonies and the misdemeanors. Felony crimes are crimes that lead to serving jail terms. The crimes are punished severely. Also, the misdemeanors are the next category that only result in fining or serving of prison terms less than a year. Civil Law The public law defines crime as offense done to persons or businesses. This battery commonly makes losses or can lead to damage the involved parties. The public code also lacks the jail term decision from the jury in court. This law leads to financial security to the one who is affected by the crime. This is the primary purpose of the bill(Garrison, 2010). Financial securities in the civil law refer to damage compensation, punitive damages, even legal costs. The cases in this bill take less time to convict. This is due to the lesser burden during the gathering and proving of evidence when prosecuting. The prosecutor needs to make the jury believe in the testimony against the offender. A search warrant is also issued in this bill allowing seizing of proof. Insurance Insurance policies have been put in place to transfer risk in businesses conducted between parties to a lesser appreciable loss level. In computers, there could be a loss of data. The data lost in computer storage systems means loss of information which needs to be compensated. Hence an insurance policy steps in to demand the company that issued the agreement to pay up the loss. In some cases, the company that got issued the insurance policy may try to track the source of the data loss. In the process, there is an increase of loss during this time. The insurance states that the added loss incurred will have to be paid the concerned company. Rule of Evidence During investigations, the provision of proof kicks in. The investigation has to be thorough also the proceedings have to satisfy this law. In digital crimes. The tracing of the offense in the computer is proving to be cumbersome. The offenders are improving in the skills whenever they cause crimes. They cover their traces carefully thereby requiring the investigating committee also to have skilled trackers in computer technology(Gogolin, 2012). The investigators have to be able to identify together with existing the data in suspect computers. In addition to that, the traditional way of prosecuting suspects is by the provision of concrete evince. The evidence present in computer crimes are mostly intangible. Making it difficult to convict. Best Evidence Rule In the best evidence rule, the jury needs to be present with only original proof of the crime committed. The law disallows presentation of copies of evidence. The rule has therefore been amended to allow slight changes to this statement. The amendments have allowed usage of copies of in particular cases that include; Evidence loss that has been caused by an act of God. The acts of God include earthquakes, floods and much The normal conducting of business could also lead to loss of original copies. The presence of another party that even with issued warranty cannot be lead to them producing the original copies. Exclusionary Rule The exclusionary rule puts forward the idea of being in possession of incriminating evidence through the use of law enforcing party that legally follows the procedures. The legal proceedings are the one that directs the methods of obtaining evidence. Whenever the exclusionary rule is not adhered to, the proof of the crime is said to be fruits of the poisonous tree(Garrison, 2010). Hearsay Rule When an evidence e is provided as hearsay, the person issuing the evidence does not have a first hand relation to the crime(Robert E. Taylor, 2014). Another individual is the one who provides the source of the incriminating piece. The prosecution, therefore, lies in the hands of the legibility of the source. The competence of the second-party is a critical consideration in the hearsay rule(Gogolin, 2012). Chain of Evidence The investigation in crime leads prosecutors obtaining evidence. The evidence afterward needs to be secured properly and be tracked whenever logged to different persons. The accountability of the evidence brings about the chain of proof where the evidence is confiscated, secured and be put under control(Sammons, 2012). Admissibility of Evidence Digital crimes can be admissible. The level of eligibility is high due to the ease of tampering with the data. The evidence can easily be hacked can easily be lost due to short-circuited instruments or being close to magnet proximity. The judicial proceedings hence come up with an idea of providing evidence relevance and the reliability of the laws(Daniel, 2012). The Process of Investigation Examination process has to be prepared before execution. The following proceedings are the pre-investigation ways for undertaking scrutiny(Head of Department of Crime Policing Studies and Academic Director Robin Bryant, 2016). Identification of system that has been seized The digital crime targets computers and hence the infected computer need to be scrutinized to extract as much data as possible. The extraction puts together both the hardware specifications of and the software present in them(Sammons, 2012). Getting a warrant required and issuing it. Whenever a suspect is suspected of being in possession of evidence that relates to the crime committed, a warrant is the only way to obtain the evidence legally. The warrant is only issued if the investigator gives lots of reason for such a search. Once the permit is in place, the researcher, confiscation of the incriminating details possessed by the suspect is possible(Gilbert Peterson, 2009). Identifying a search team that will properly conduct an investigation. Before the inquiry begins, the law enforcing individuals should be able to hold a warrant, and the members need to be competent. The competency is assured by developing a team that consists of a lead investigator, some information security members, a department that is legal and some technical assistance(Daniel, 2012). Execution of Investigation The deployment t of security around the site Sketching and taking photographs of the site Identifying, marking and further packing the incriminating data. This collection needs to adhere to the rule of evidence. When the third step begins, and the computer is found to be on, the investigator has to take a video that records by use of scrolling effect(Cruz-Cunha, 2014). Also, taking photographs adds to the accountability. After making the video, the computer is good to be shut down bearing in consideration of a logical mainframe shutdown. One way that eases the tiresome conducting of this step is by conduction of the investigation of on the premise that crime was committed. Getting access to the surveillance system of the suspect. Deeply looking at the evidence obtained. Forensic Tools used in Investigation There are some survey tools pens that can be used in digital crime investigation. The tools applied in the investigation intended t obtain incriminating evidence in the related area of expertise(Lilley, 2002). The computer can be analyzed. Tha analysis is done in its network traffic. In the network analysis, the sniffer tool is applicable. A sniffer tool that may be Wireshark, intercepts any network traffic to produce logs that are noted down for more review. Another tool that is applied in the digital crime prosecution is NetworkMiner. networkMiner extracts and recovers all documents in a computer affected. In cases where real-time surveillance is required, Sort tool is best. The tool is at its best when tracking down offenders(Daniel, 2012). Annalysis Conducted Reporting Digital crimes are committed almost every time. The act, however, will not assure arrest as the result or clearance of the offender(Panagiotis Kanellis, 2006). The police have to secure the evidence that prosecution required for jury decision. The confiscated evidence is then presented to the jury that determines the fate of the one who committed the crime. Along the way, difficulties arise. Problems in investigation such mess in accountability and handling of incriminating documents(Gilbert Peterson, 2009). The research is about the use of evidence categories in coming up with ways of convicting digital criminals. The groups include hearsay rule. After reporting the crime, a test can be done to determine the admissibility(Barrett, 1997). A Frye test is the way forward in the determination. The results acquired are used in the NIST tools that scientifically establish the validity of the accusations. Finally, the party accused is provided the duplicate of the charges. Another alternative way of alerting the defense is by giving them access to see the allegations(Casey, 2009). All in all, the reporting procedure aims at identification any fact that is relating to the crime at hand. The report should be able to give an investigative format of accounting of specific incidences of digital crime. More to it is the possibility of discrepancies that may be instigated by witness statements. The report characteristics include as shown below(Daniel, 2012); Well organized documentation of the incident description of the act. Should contain all the statements provided y the witnesses Should be able to reference all the evidentiary articles. Should have a forensic analysis that describes the investigation. There needs to be some conclusion. The conclusion has to have come from the stated facts. Noe of the opinions from the investigator is included in the report. The report provided by the prosecutor must also be handed to the defense. Legal Proceedings in Digital Crime(Sammons, 2012) Discovery and protection orders Here, the case is presented the report of the investigation and witness list. The step only omits the method of presenting the evidence in court for prosecution. However, the copy submitted to the judicial proceedings can be limited. The court can restrict the access of the documents in court. Allowing secretive holding of sensitive documents. Grand jury hearing and preliminary hearings. The affected company will have to choose a law enforcer such as a prosecutor to take them through the court trials. The trial Tests can take a while to be scheduled due to the back to back backlog routine of the court. Here the criminal and civil law are conducted and can be run parallel. Damage recovery If any party intends to recover losses incurred then the public law comes in handy. Review of Postmortem The preventive measure for breach leading to the crime is examined. The security plans are laid down to make a response plan, policy of planning, monitoring of electrical systems and developing warning banner against unauthorized access. Conclusion Computer crime is a type of art that needs planning. The planning helps in its execution and in turn its investigation also needs planning. During investigation, the major responsibility is to get the nature and the size of damage to the affected system after which digital forensic kicks in. the investigations therefore need to be deeply conducted to understand how to detect, solve and prevent future crime. Thereby, the investigator needs to have a good understanding of the law(Daniel, 2012). References Andrew Jones, C. V. (2011). Building a Digital Forensic Laboratory: Establishing and Managing a Successful Facility. Denver: Butterworth-Heinemann. Barrett, N. (1997). Digital Crime: Policing the Cybernation. atlanta: Kogan Page. Casey, E. (2009). Handbook of Digital Forensics and Investigation. Chicago: Academic Press. Cory Altheide, H. C. (2011). Digital Forensics with Open Source Tools. Philadelphia: Elsevier. Cruz-Cunha, M. M. (2014). Handbook of Research on Digital Crime, Cyberspace Security, and Information Assurance. New York City: IGI Global. Daniel, L. E. (2012). Digital Forensics for Legal Professionals: Understanding Digital Evidence from the Warrant to the Courtroom. Chicago: Elsevier. Garrison, C. P. (2010). Digital Forensics for Network, Internet, and Cloud Computing: A Forensic Evidence Guide for Moving Targets and Data. washington DC: Syngress. Gilbert Peterson, S. S. (2009). Advances in Digital Forensics V: Fifth IFIP WG 11.9 International Conference on Digital Forensics, Orlando, Florida, USA, January 26-28, 2009, Revised Selected Papers. Wiscosin: Springer. Gogolin, G. (2012). Digital Forensics Explained. New York: CRC Press. Head of Department of Crime Policing Studies and Academic Director Robin Bryant, R. B. (2016). Policing Digital Crime. Washington DC: Routledge. Jahankhani, H. (2010 ). Handbook of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics. Chicago: World Scientific. Lilley, P. (2002). Hacked, Attacked Abused: Digital Crime Exposed. Denver: Kogan Page Publishers. Panagiotis Kanellis, E. K. (2006). Digital Crime and Forensic Science in Cyberspace. Chicago: Idea Group Inc (IGI). Robert E. Taylor, R. W. (2014). Digital Crime and Digital Terrorism. Denver: Pearson Education. Sammons, J. (2012). The Basics of Digital Forensics: The Primer for Getting Started in Digital Forensics. Atlanta: Elsevier. Wiles, J. (2011). TechnoSecurity's Guide to E-Discovery and Digital Forensics: A Comprehensive Handbook. New York City: Elsevier.